常熟定点形变对江苏及南黄海中强震映震能力及预报效能分析

采用地形变前兆特征研究中的多种方法,利用常熟台定点形变观测资料,对自1985 年以来发生在江苏省及南黄海海域的中强地震进行了研究及观测手段的映震能力检验,得出:(1) 常熟地倾斜对其周围200 km 范围内MS≥4-5 地震有较好的中、短期前兆异常显示;(2) 归纳总结各分析方法判别获得的异常表明,常熟地倾斜单台信度较高,具有较强的映震能力。     

江淮地区特大洪涝灾害的灰色预测

本文依据1951～1990年江淮地区特大洪涝资料,建立了原息GM(1,1)模型,并成功地预测出1991年该地区发出的特大洪涝灾害.在此基础上,又分别建立了新息模型,新陈代谢模型和准新陈代谢模型,并运用后两者预测了该地区未来可能发生特大洪涝灾害的时间:1999年和2007年。     

ROLE OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN MODIFYING FLOOD FLOW BEHAVIOR1

ABSTRACT. The interrelationships between the runoff characteristics of watersheds (expressed as the mean annual flood), standard basin parameters (area, drainage properties, and relief), and the parameters which describe the solutional modification of the basins (carbonate rock fractions, sinkhole development, and measures of internal drainage) were used to group 62 carbonate watersheds. Simple binary correlations were obtained by direct plotting of the data. This was followed by multivariate analyses: factor and cluster analyses. Following the cluster analysis, which separated the basins into three groups, the variance within each group was examined again by binary correlations and by factor analysis. Prediction equations for those basins underlain by dolomite rock [QBAR = 12.4 TOT^1.01] and for those basins underlain by carbonate rock with very little surface expression [QBAR = 43.5 TOT^0.87] were proposed. Basins underlain by karstic limestone had a large amount of variance within the data set; therefore no prediction equation could be obtained. (QBAR = mean annual flood, cfs; TOT = total length of all blue lines shown on topographic maps, miles.)     

DETERMINISTIC MODELS FOR PREDICTING RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION1

ABSTRACT: Forecasts of future urban water demand traditionally have been made by the projection of historic trends in per capita consumption and population. This paper outlines the use of two deterministic models to forecast the residential component of urban water demand. The models incorporate specific representation of the activities which result in water consumption at each residence. Predictions of water use can then be made by modeling the changes expected in the number of these activities and the consumption for each such activity.     

WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS OF STREAM CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS ON SMALL FORESTED BASINS1

ABSTRACT. Stream channel characteristics were found to be useful indices to the hydrology of 27 small forested basins in the Northeast United States. Channel width alone explained 37 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff, whereas channel width combined with basin area explained 78 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff. This approached the percentage of variation in mean annual runoff explained by mean annual precipitation (83 percent). A simulated 15% increase in precipitation, such as might occur in a weather modification project, produced increases in channel width, depth, and channel area of 3, 4, and 8 percent, respectively.     

NONLINEAR DUPUIT EQUATIONS FOR THE PHREATIC SURFACE OF A SEMI-INFINITE AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT. We present a new approach to the nonlinear equations for the phreatic surface of groundwater flow from or into a reservoir. The differential equation is converted into an equivalent integral equation, which is then solved by a method of iteration. We obtain exact results for both drawdown and infiltration, including the special case of groundwater penetration into dry soil.     

基于技术扩散的客流量预测

旅游客流预测是旅游开发的基础研究内容.由于旅游客流具有动态的变化性和影响因素的多样性等特征,使定量的描述和预测旅游客流量具有较大的难度.鉴于此,综合技术扩散理论和区位论等理论,根据技术扩散的思想,在区域选择分析的基础上建立了具有较强实用性的客流动态预测模型.     

PREDICTION OF STREAM TEMPERATURE IN FORESTED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Removal of streamside vegetation changes the energy balance of a stream, and hence its temperature. A common approach to mitigating the effects of logging on stream temperature is to require establishment of buffer zones along stream corridors. A simple energy balance model is described for prediction of stream temperature in forested headwater watersheds that allows evaluation of the performance of such measures. The model is designed for application to “worst case” or maximum annual stream temperature, under low flow conditions with maximum annual solar radiation and air temperature. Low flows are estimated via a regional regression equation with independent variables readily accessible from GIS databases. Testing of the energy balance model was performed using field data for mostly forested basins on both the west and east slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and was then evaluated using the regional equations for low flow and observed maximum reach temperatures in three different east slope Cascades catchments. A series of sensitivity analyses showed that increasing the buffer width beyond 30 meters did not significantly decrease stream temperatures, and that other vegetation parameters such as leaf area index, average tree height, and to a lesser extent streamside vegetation buffer width, more strongly affected maximum stream temperatures.     

EVIDENCE OF CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR IN SINGAPORE RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the investigation of the existence of chaotic behavior in the Singapore rainfall data. The procedure for the determination of the minimum number of variables essential and the number of variables sufficient to model the dynamics of the rainfall process was studied. An analysis of the rainfall behavior of different time periods was also conducted. The correlation dimension was used as a basis for discriminating stochastic and chaotic behaviors. Daily rainfall records for durations of 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 years from six stations were analyzed. The delay time for the phase-space reconstruction was computed using the autocorrelation function approach. The results provide positive evidence of the existence of chaotic behavior in the daily rainfall data. The minimum number of variables essential to model the dynamics of the rainfall process was identified to be 3 while the number of variables sufficient to model the dynamics of the rainfall process ranges from 11 to 18. The results also suggest that the attractor dimensions of rainfall data of longer time periods are higher than that of shorter time periods. The study suggests a minimum number of 1500 data points required for the computation of the correlation dimension of the rainfall data.     

长江三峡库区滑坡灾害危险性评价

长江三峡地区滑坡崩塌分布广泛,灾害严重,特别是在三峡水利工程枢纽兴建以后,古滑崩体的复活以及岸坡失稳势必会对未来的三峡水库以及城镇居民建设、公路交通安全造成一定的影响。因此,以长江三峡地区的滑坡编目资料为基础,对该地区的滑坡特征进行了全面的分析,并对其形成机制进行了初步的探讨。同时,综合滑坡灾害诱发因素,运用信息量地滑坡灾害空间预测,并以此为基础结合土地使用情况将该地区划分五个不同等级即极危险区、