流域水质资源有偿使用机制的思考——以东江为例

阐述了水质资源的基本概念和水质资源计价原则及定价方法,介绍了恢复成本法作为水质资本定价方法和确定水质资本核算函数和曲线的步骤.然后从有偿使用与生态补偿的概念、使用权和所有权以及支付方式3个方面对二者进行比较,指出有偿使用体制可实现水质资源使用权与国家所有权分离,从而可构成市场主体的财产权.基于以上概念和方法,从分析东江水源区的优质水保护与东江供水的关系入手,指出实行水质资源有偿使用的迫切性和重要性,从实现社会公平和完善市场机制两方面分析有偿使用的必要性,并提出了有偿使用机制的若干建议.     

Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea1

Collentine, Dennis and Holger Johnsson, 2011. Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 24‐31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00596.x Abstract: Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. In one of the signatory countries, Sweden, regulatory authorities have concluded that new measures will be needed to meet national reduction targets. This article evaluates the effect of one possible new measure for reducing nitrogen loads, introducing mandatory discharge permits for crop cultivation as one component of a proposed discharge permit system. Using the framework of the proposed system, expected net load reductions and permit prices are calculated for three crop permit scenarios in a catchment in Southern Sweden. In addition, gross leaching is calculated for a larger region to study the potential for reducing net loads. The article concludes that while permitting reduces loading, achieving reduction targets will require additional measures beyond the scenarios studied.     

有偿分配下排污权基准价定价模型研究

排污权的合理定价可以为环境保护提供正确的经济激励,引导排污企业将污染排放量设定在社会的最优水平。从理论上分析了排污权定价时应综合考虑的影响因素,构建了排污权定价模型的指标体系;运用主成分分析法和客观赋值法,从地区因素、污染物因素和行业因素3方面附加权重计算排污权基准价定价模型的价格系数,为排污权合理定价提供参考。     

基于实物期权博弈的安全投资决策研究综述

回顾安全投资理论的发展历程,分析研究现状,归纳相关研究文献,指出理论研究方面主要存在的"安全投资决策评价方法亟待创新;安全投资评价方法忽略了外部竞争性、未来不确定性、不可逆性、长期性和潜在性等因素;实物期权博弈理论还未形成完整的体系"3个问题。提出解决问题的对策:给出安全投资战略期权博弈分析的思路,建立不确定条件下安全投资战略项目的价值模型,概括出安全投资战略实物期权博弈分析的理论框架以及理论依据、分析工具和分析步骤。指出了安全投资理论的研究趋势。基于实物期权博弈的安全投资决策,使安全投资项目的管理柔性价值和战略价值得到准确的衡量。     

The acceptability, personal outcome expectations, and expected effects of transport pricing policies

Acceptability and personal outcome expectations (i.e., the extent to which one expects to be better or worse off) of transport pricing policies were examined in relation to the expected effects of these policies on one’s own car use, congestion and environmental problems. Car users who commuted frequently by car and experienced congestion on a regular basis evaluated two pricing measures, which were mainly aimed at either decreasing congestion (by tolling at congested areas) or environmental problems (by a differential kilometre charge based on car mass). For the policy mainly aimed to reduce congestion, acceptability was higher and personal outcome expectations were more positive when respondents expected reductions in congestion when the policy was implemented. The policy aimed to reduce environmental problems was more acceptable and respondents expected to be better off in general when they expected reductions in environmental problems after its implementation. Expectations, both about a decrease in congestion and environmental problems were related to respondents’ personal outcome expectations of the policy mainly aimed to decrease environmental problems. We conclude that the acceptability of transport pricing policies are not necessarily low because car users expect negative effects on their car use, but rather because they are not be convinced that transport pricing policies will reduce congestion and environmental problems.     

The politics of carbon taxation: how varieties of policy style matter

ABSTRACT

The momentum achieved for unilateral carbon taxes in seven European countries is examined. Why is it that small countries, despite being vulnerable to forces of international competition, have been able to implement carbon taxes? A review of national experiences does not suggest that the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix defines the room for such taxes, or point to a strong role for traditional left-right ideology. Rather, it is deep-seated patterns of national policy styles with neo-corporatist traits, providing a protective device for the open economies of small countries, which condition the introduction of carbon taxes. The associated routines of decision-making offer coordination mechanisms for proactive macroeconomic policies in which carbon taxation can find a place. Parliamentary democracies with proportional representation, as is common in the smaller countries, provide access to government for political parties that pursue carbon taxation. These in turn sensitise larger political parties to climate concerns, as they benefit from institutionalised practices and routines for problem-solving and consensus-seeking.     

Salience of carbon taxes in the gasoline market

We demonstrate that the carbon tax imposed by the Canadian province of British Columbia caused a decline in short-run gasoline demand that is significantly greater than would be expected from an equivalent increase in the market price of gasoline. That the carbon tax is more salient, or yields a larger change in demand than equivalent market price movements, is robust to a range of specifications. As a result of the large consumer response to the tax, we calculate that during its first four years, the tax reduced carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline consumption by 2.4 million tonnes.     

Carbon price impacts on sector cost: based on an input–output model of Beijing

Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China, the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction, as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers. In this paper, the effects of carbon prices on Beijing’s economy are analyzed using input–output tables. The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products’ embodied carbon emission. By calculation, given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO₂, the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22–0.40% of its gross revenue the same year. Among all industries, construction bears the largest carbon cost. Among export sectors, the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries. Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries, tertiary industry, which accounts for more than 70% of Beijing’s economy, also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size. However, from 2007 to 2010, adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors, contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.     

中国煤电企业环境压力测试

中国煤电行业的发展伴随着各种环境风险,本文以典型煤电企业为例,在产能过剩、能效标准提高、环境保护税、全国碳市场、水资源税和非水可再生能源规划目标的风险约束下,建立环境成本内部化和环境风险分析工具,考虑不同压力情境下对煤电企业价值的影响,构建环境风险影响财务成本的压力测试框架。结果表明,对单个风险而言,产能过剩和碳市场风险对企业价值的影响是大多数地区在不同情景中面临的主要风险驱动因素。对于综合风险压力测试而言,各地区1 000MW超超临界机组乐观情景及悲观情景的企业价值距合理回报预期企业价值相差小,而300MW和600MW亚临界机组因能效水平低、经营成本高等原因在环境风险压力下企业价值偏离合理回报较多。随着环境风险严重程度的不断增加,环境压力测试有助于煤电企业和金融机构了解环境风险对企业财务状况的影响,从而对投资决策产生影响。     

我国排污收费制度及其价格体系的改革

目前,我国现行的单因子超标排污收费制度及其价格体系已不能适应现有的体制变化和日益发展的环境管理需要。本文阐述了尽快建立一个与当今市场机制相适应的、适合我国总量控制要求的多因子收费制度的重要性、迫切性与可行性,实现污染者直接承担其污染行为的全部责任;提出了制定动态、有效的收费价格体系的改革原则、构想与方法。