关于我国水价、水权和水市场改革的评论

在市场经济条件下，如何让市场在水资源配置领域发挥作用，是水管理改革面临的重要问题。引入经济手段管理水资源。已经成为当代中国水管理改革的重要内容。水资源管理的经济手段主要包括水价、水权和水市场，本文逐一对兰个方面的改革进展进行回顾和评价，揭示我国水价、水权和水市场的制度变迁轨迹。随着我国水价和水权制度的推进，水权市场的事例会越来越多涌现。尽管水市场在长期将有较大的发展。但是由于水市场线入涉及到一系列复杂的经济、社会和生态问题。决定了短期内水市场的发展空间相对有限。     

THE ADOPTION OF MUNICIPAL WATER CONSERVATION: AN UNLIKELY EVENT?1

ABSTRACT: It is contended that water conservation measures that reduce a water system's net revenues are unlikely to be adopted. Pricing policies that induce conservation can be designed to increase net revenues. Management practices that lead to conservation and pure conservation measures may reduce net revenues; consequently, they are unlikely to be adopted. Recent experience in five southwestern cities supports these contentions. It is argued that the managers of a municipal water enterprise are particularly sensitive to short term variation in revenues. Consequently, to increase the likelihood of the adoption of measures that reduce net revenues it is necessary to remove either the decision to adopt measures that reduce net revenue or the adverse revenue effect from the water enterprise. Finally, to make higher rates for conservation palatable, imaginative use for the funds generated must be developed.     

INCOME AND PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND FOR WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1

ABSTRACT: The income and proce elasticity of demand for domestic water is estimated for Penang Island, Malaysia. A cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of 1400 households indicated an income-elasticity of zero for low-income families (per capita income less than US$300) and an elasticity of 0.2-0.4 for higher-income families. A time-series analysis of a subsample of individuals of varying income levels suggests a short-run price elasticity of -0.1 to -0.2. The implications of these results for demand forecasting are discussed.     

资源科学几个基本问题的探讨

资源科学的研究领域涉及自然资源和社会资源,但其研究对象不应是具体的资源,而应是区域资源系统。资源科学是建立在地学、社会科学和技术科学等众多学科之间的一门边缘学科,是钱学森所倡导建立的“地理科学”这一科学体系中的一门一级分支学科,其研究对象属于区域发展所依托的“地球表层”的资源范畴。资源科学的学科特点有三:综合性是资源科学区别于其他学科单项资源研究的特色体现,为资源科学的立身之本;区域性是资源科学实现综合研究的途径体现,是研究方式的具体表达,是资源科学的立命之道;交叉性是资源科学研究课题的来源体现,是学科形成的根源,是资源科学的立世之基。资源科学的学科体系可从两个角度来构建,即按内容层次建立资源科学的内容学科分类体系,按研究对象的性质和研究的方法角度建立资源科学的类型学科分类体系。二者的交叉,可以形成资源科学众多的分支学科,它们共同构成了资源科学的科学体系。     

Does marginal price matter? A regression discontinuity approach to estimating water demand

Although complex pricing schedules are increasingly common among water and electricity providers, it is difficult to determine whether consumers respond to changes in the pricing schedule because price changes are often confounded with simultaneous demand shocks or non-price policies. To overcome this challenge, we exploit a natural experiment - the introduction of a third price block in an increasing block pricing schedule for water - in Santa Cruz, California. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that consumers do respond to changes in marginal price. Doubling marginal price leads to a 12% decrease in water use (500 cubic feet per bill) among high-use households.     

ALTERNATIVE DEMAND MODEL ESTIMATORS FOR BLOCK RATE PRICING1

ABSTRACT: Three alternative demand model estimators for water sold under block rate tariffs are examined. The models are conceptually discussed and empirically estimated using cross-section and time-series data from Tucson, Arizona. While all three techniques produce plausible elasticity estimates, the ordinary least squares and censored sample techniques are shown to produce statistically biased results.     

FEASIBILITY OF SEASONAL WATER PRICING CONSIDERING METERING COSTS1

ABSTRACT: Efficiency implications of seasonal pricing, uniform pricing, and optimal seasonal pricing with metering costs are analyzed qualitatively using classical optimization technique. The first two schemes are special cases of the last pricing scheme. A nonlinear-integer programming model is formulated for a case study application to Salt Lake City to examine the feasibility of seasonal pricing. The analysis indicates that uniform pricing is preferable unless metering costs are substantially lower than present levels.     

面向市场经济的中国水资源可持续利用策略

中国是一个人口大国，人均可利用水资源量少，水资源利用的低效和浪费以及污染问题进一步加剧了水资源的供需矛盾。在中国的市场经济制度渐趋发展的形势下，要实现水资源的可持续利用，就必须突破过去计划经济体制下的不合理框架，更多地使用符合市场经济要求的价格机制。市场模式和管理体制。     

THE COST OF PEAK CAPACITY WATER1

ABSTRACT: Calgary, the fastest growing city in Canada, is about to expand its urban water supply facilities in order to meet peak summer demands. Most of Calgary's residential water is sold by flat rate. The effect of this pricing policy on peak and average demands is discussed. The true marginal cost of peak capacity from the new expansion is calculated. The effect of a proposed metering program on capacity expansion requirements is computed. It is concluded that metering should preceed the next capacity expansion.     

“排污权”权利主体论

在环境法的权利义务体系中,环境容量的所有权属于全体人民,公民享有环境权。政府受托管理环境容量等资源,实现环境保护和经济发展的协调,保障全体公民的环境权。企业等生产经营单位和个人承担合法排污、清洁生产等环境义务,保证公民的环境权得以实现,同时基于“排污权交易”的制度设计,在超量减排时可享有一定的经济补偿的权利一排污权。排污权的法定权利主体只能是企业等生产经营单位和个人,环境保护信用不良企业不应是排污权的现实权利主体,只有符合区域产业结构调整政策、对环境容量资源利用效率高的企业等生产经营单位和个人才能成为真正拥有排污权的现实权利主体。