秦皇岛市发展循环经济与对策研究

客观地介绍了循环经济产生的社会背景及发展趋势、国内外发展循环经济的成功经验,阐述了发展循环经济的理论基础及实践意义,详细地提出了秦皇岛市发展循环经济的奋斗目标、实施对策.     

Finding a Balance Over Precaution

Three interpretations of theprecautionary principle are identified, namely``soft,' ``hard,' and outright rejection. The ECCommunication of February 2000 is largely aresponse to the latter, to provide alegitimation in trade-related WTO disputes.This context leads to an over stress onscientific closure. This is critiqued asidealistic in respect of resolving long termuncertainties inherent in the GM food issue.While offering some useful guidelines in riskmanagement, the EC report seriously fails totake into account the ethical and societaldimension of risk. These are crucial both indetermining when precautionary principle isinvoked and the action to be taken. The EC viewleans too much to a scientific rationalist riskperspective. However, the ``Green'interpretation of the precautionary principleas a reversal of the burden of proof is alsocriticized as inconsistent both with the natureof technology and with the nature of reality asseen in a Christian perspective. Biblicalinsights on risk reveal a balance ofintervention and conservation in a world whererisk is inherent. The notion of risk as asocial contract reveals that ethical andsocietal issues have a crucial role to play inapplying the precautionary principle.     

城市防空和灾情报警防御系统研究

近年来 ,城市防空和灾情报警防御系统作为一种重要的城市防御灾情措施 ,特别是应对各种恐怖破坏活动和地域灾害的突然发生 ,以及未来战争的防御需求等灾情 ,已受到人们高度重视。笔者针对我国城市防空和灾情报警防御系统的实际现状 ,提出了我国城市防空和灾情报警防御系统的建设初步思想 ,并从系统的组织结构、功能原理、救援组织等几方面进行了描述 ,对提高城市的防御能力、避免灾难的发生 ,具有重要的指导作用     

深孔松动爆破防治煤与瓦斯突出的分析

根据煤与瓦斯突出机理假说理论 ,结合深孔松动爆破措施前后煤体中瓦斯压力、透气性、预排瓦斯量、卸压程度及煤气温度等参数的变化情况进行对照分析 ,从不同的角度说明深孔松动爆破措施可防治煤与瓦斯突出的 (以下简称防突 )作用与原理。并结合高二矿的生产实际阐明了该措施是适合该矿的一种简单易行、安全可靠、经济合理的防突措施     

采油矿场安全多功能采暖炉的研究

介绍了采油矿场安全多功能采暖炉的原理和主要技术参数，叙述了安装和安全操作及注意事项，分析了推广应用前景。     

倒置A2/O工艺生物脱氮除磷原理及其生产应用

在阐述倒置A2O工艺技术原理的基础上,对倒置A2O工艺在实际生产中的应用及其脱氮除磷处理效果进行分析,实际生产应用结果表明,倒置A2O工艺是适合我国城市污水实际情况,具有简捷、高效特点的城市污水生物脱氮除磷新工艺。     

环境犯罪的惩治与传统刑事归责原则的创新

由于环境犯罪侵害的特异性和主观认定上的困难,传统刑事归责原则在环境犯罪惩治中面临着困境.对此,西方各国刑法理论先后提出了相对严格责任、绝对严格责任、新新过失论等理论.基于环境犯罪的特殊性和刑事责任的价值与功能,对环境犯罪应采取一种相对严格责任的归责原则,即通过诉讼程序上的举证责任的倒置来减轻犯罪指控的难度,直接根据污染事实推定被告对危害后果的发生是有主观过错的,但同时允许被告反证自己主观没有过错.     

环境区划若干问题探讨

环境区划的理论基础是社会-经济-自然复合生态系统理论,持续发展论和区域科学理论.其区划的原则包括:①区域环境结构和功能的相近性和差异性;②相关自然区划或经济区划成果继承;③行政单元相对完整;④便于环境管理;⑤区划界面原则.该文还指出环境区划与环境规划的差异,提出需要探讨的若干问题. ·     

AB工艺原理的系统分析

根据ＡＢ工艺的流程及主要特征,系统地分析了该工艺的开放系统原理,反应动力学原理和生物相分隔原理,根据开放系统原理考虑了城市污水输送管道系统中占Ａ段曝气池微生物量１５％－２０％微生物的作用,根据反应动力学原理采用了２个反应器,从而使反应器所需总容积节省３８％以上,根据不同微生物的生长特点及其对环境的要求,进行了生物相的分隔,从而使处理效果更为有效和稳定,实践表明,ＡＢ工艺可比传统活性污泥法节省工程投     

Eco-Labelling of Shampoos,Shower Gels and Foam Baths (6 pp)

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Environmental issues of personal care products have been met with little attention in the past. Monitoring data as well as preliminary environmental risk assessments indicate that some ingredients in personal care products might be relevant pollutants in the environment. Following the precautionary principle, eco-labelling is proposed as an effective tool for source control of one major group of personal care products, shampoos, shower gels and foam baths (SSBs). Eco-labelling is a soft, but effective market driven and product specific approach to lower discharge of environmentally detrimental substances. Products that fulfil the criteria proposed help to minimise the impact of SSBs on the environment. METHODS: Available assessment tools for dangerous substances (e.g. current legislation on environmental risk assessments and classification, and labelling, eco-labelling criteria for similar products, the calculation of the critical dilution volume) were adapted and integrated into the criteria for the eco-labelling of SSBs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A short outline of the eco-labelling criteria developed for SSBs is provided. The basic criteria concern the effects of the substances discharged into the waste water during and after use. Products with an eco-label award may exclusively contain substances for which basic information about their effects on the environment is available. They may not contain persistent, bioaccumulating, toxic or ecotoxicological substances. In addition, the basic criteria include requirements for the container and consumer information. CONCLUSION: The basic criteria for eco-labelling SSBs are based on the actual state of science and are at the same time as simple and transparent as possible to ensure the best applicability. SSBs that comply with the described basic criteria can contribute to a lower chemical burden of waste water treatment plants and surface water. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The proposal for basic criteria described should stimulate discussion on eco-labelling of SSBs. It should help to pass valid criteria supported by authorities, producers and consumer groups for a national or international eco-label, e.g. for the European Flower or the German Blue Angel. In future, the successful introduction of labelled SSBs into the market will raise the awareness of the general public about the environmental effects of personal care products and it will help to promote environmentally compatible products.