网状多孔材料防爆性能研究进展

易燃易爆危险化学品事故影响大、危害广,给人们生活和企业生产带来了较大影响,抑制危险化学品火灾爆炸愈来愈引起人们的关注.介绍了多孔材料的基本信息,重点综述了网状多孔抑爆材料防爆性能的实验和数值模拟研究现状,提出了研究中存在的问题:(1)实际应用中,由于容器内部形状限制或内部仪器对容器空间的占用,填充材料时不可能都选取最佳的填充密度和留空率,应根据实际情况选择,但目前尚没有作为材料抑爆性能主要因素的填充密度、留空率与抑爆压力间的数学经验公式;(2)实验测得的抑爆压力为瞬时的间隔值,不一定是过程中的最高压力,由于材料的不透明性,高速摄像机不能完全观察到火焰具体的传播状况.最后结合最新的研究成果提出实验和数值模拟的设想,为以后的研究提出参考.     

基于SMART原则和D-S理论矿山企业 安全管理水平研究

矿山行业是我国事故伤亡率最高的行业,安全管理是防止事故发生的重要手段之一。为评价矿山企业安全管理水平,基于SMART原则从人员、设备、环境和组织四个方面设置了矿山安全管理指标,利用D-S理论对多证据、多指标的数据进行融合,并结合实例进行了分析。结果表明,该方法能够评价矿山企业安全管理水平,发现管理中存在的薄弱环节,为采取防护措施提供依据。     

安全文化建设原理研究

为夯实安全文化建设的理论基础,进一步丰富安全文化学原理,以组织安全文化建设为着眼点,提炼并分析组织安全文化建设的2条核心原理,即组织安全文化方格理论和杠杆原理,并构建其“轮形”结构体系。结果表明:2条组织安全文化建设原理之间彼此影响、相互促进,其中,方格理论系统阐明了组织安全文化建设方案的设计方法和要求,杠杆原理指明了减弱组织安全文化建设阻力的阻碍作用的具体思路和途径,它们可显著提升组织安全文化建设的效率和效果。     

长江三角洲各城市综合实力的主成分分析

运用主成分分析方法,通过建立一套涵盖5个层次16个方面共34个指标的城市指标体系, 对长江三角洲15个城市的综合实力进行计算和比较。运用SPSS10．0统计软件对上述指标进行标准化处理,用方差最大法正交旋转,并通过载荷 系数分析得出六个主成分。将各主成分得分结合主成分权数进行综合计算得出各城市的综合得分,按得分由高到低依次是上海、南京、杭州、苏州、无锡、宁波、镇江、绍兴、常州、南通、扬州、泰州、舟山、嘉兴和湖州。根据各城市的综合得分水平,将长江三角洲的城市分为一个核心三个圈层,并比较分析各个城市的相对优势、薄弱环节及其差异引致因素,对其今后的发展提出若干建议。认为长江三角洲在今后的发展中,应以上海为核心,以南京、杭州、苏州为三个支点,加强区域内的分工与协作,促进区域的共同繁荣。     

安全管理系统的负熵机理及其模型化控制的探讨

试用现代系统论的重要学说——耗散结构论的观点,研究安全管理工程的各种属性,指出其具有普遍意义的负熵机理。在对安全状态函数分析的基础上,建立起安全管理工程的数学模型并进行了探讨。论述了模型化控制方法是深入发展科学型,定量型,预测型安全管理科学的重要途径。     

“比例原则”视野下我国环境执法按日连续处罚制度的完善

"按日连续处罚"制度已经在环境执法中显示了巨大的威慑力,但"按照原处罚数额按日连续处罚"的计罚模式不符合行政法中的"比例原则"。在违法行为"先轻后重"或者"先重后轻"的情形下,都可能造成"过罚不当"的问题。对于初始违法情节类似,但复查时违法情节大相径庭的不同违法者,会出现"不同情节相同处罚"的不公平情形。在现有制度框架下,对于"先重后轻"的违法行为,可以考虑在违法者的改正行为已经取得显著成效的情形下不予按日连续处罚,同时依据《环境行政处罚办法》的规定,将该已经显著减轻的违法排污行为视为新的违法行为进行处罚。对于"先轻后重"的违法行为,可以在进行按日连续处罚时,视具体违法情节动用限产停产、查封扣押或者行政拘留等处罚措施。理想状态下,应当摒弃"按照原处罚数额"按日计罚的规定,改为数据值式的按日计罚,即规定"……拒不改正的,处每日××万元以上××万元以下的罚款",以更好地实现"过罚相当"。为了避免持续性违法行为对环境造成更大的损害,按日计罚的最长期限不宜超过三十日。违法者超过三十日仍然不改正违法行为的,应当及时采取责令限产停产、查封扣押或责令关闭等措施。     

A regulatory view on science and predictive models

A lot of scientific knowledge is required to carry out and enforce environmental regulations. The paper deals with the relationship between law and science from a legal perspective. First, some difficulties in using science to carry out environmental regulations are outlined. After this, some legal concepts which try to cope with the problems are presented. Aspects discussed are the precautionary principle, the legal concept of 'state of the art', general standard setting, the flexibility of the regulations, and procedural regulations for the standard-setting process. Finally, the new challenge for science that derives from the legal demand of an integrated approach to environmental protection is addressed.     

湖泊水环境预测的原理与方法

论述了湖泊水环境预测常用方法,主要有输入输出模型、扩散模型、富营养化水质模型和多元回归模型等,属于因果关系的短期和瞬时预测,并且将灰色动态模型和回归分析模型耦合能预测湖泊水环境今后几年甚至几十年的变化,将提高预测效率;提出了湖泊水环境的基本程序;最后指出水资源研究的随机分析、模糊分析和灰色系统的耦合与ＧＩＳ、ＲＳ和ＧＰＳ的应用是今后湖泊水环境预测的发展趋势。     

Ethical and Value-based Aspects of the European Commission's Precautionary Principle

In February 2000, the EuropeanCommission adopted a Communication on theprecautionary principle. This states how theCommission intends to apply the principle andestablishes guidelines for its application. Thedocument is intended to inform discussions oninternational agreements. In particular, itprovides a defense of European Union (EU)precautionary policies in case of tradedisputes, for example, in case the EU isaccused of imposing unfair trade barriers onexports of genetically-modified (GM) productsfrom the United States under the rules of theWorld Trade Organisation. In the communication,the Commission emphasizes the scientificaspects of the precautionary principle, perhapspartly to counter claims from US officials thatthe EU's reluctance to accept GM imports is notbased on science but is politically-motivated.However, a principle is by definition a moralguide to behavior. In other words, it is anethic. The precautionary principle should beviewed as a complement to science, to beinvoked when a lack of scientific evidencemeans that outcomes are uncertain. Anyinterpretation of this principle needs to placeat least as much emphasis on its ethical andvalue-based aspects as on its scientificjustification. The Commission's interpretationrisks undermining the painstaking progress madeamong European Union member states inresponding to public concern about GM crops andfood by adopting increased precaution. Thispaper explores the balance between thescientific and ethical/value-based aspects ofthe precautionary principle as set out in theCommission's communication, to make the casethat it is the ethical and value-based aspectsrather than the scientific aspects of theguidelines that need strengthening.     

Putting Precaution to Debate – about the Precautionary Principle and Participatory Technology Assessment

Technology assessment (TA) as aninstitution was introduced nearly thirty yearsago as an instrument to render possible themaking of responsible decisions concerning newtechnological options. Another recentdevelopment however has been the introductionof participatory technology assessment (pTA),mainly connected to the growing insight thatthe evaluation of technological options withrespect to their risks and benefits, is not –only – a scientific question. This paper willfocus on the questions, to what degree theideas of technology assessment and thePrecautionary Principle are connected and how.Without naming it explicitly, the PrecautionaryPrinciple is put to debate in the``TA-arrangement on the cultivation oftransgenic herbicide resistant crops,'organized by the Science Centre, Berlin. Fromthe perspective of ethical clarification, someunique features concerning theconceptualization of the discoursive procedureand reconstruction of the argumentation processin order to come to results have to beanalyzed. Finally the performance and resultsof the pTA-arrangement are reflected in thelight of the Precautionary Principle andconclusions are drawn.