管道系统综合概率震害预测方法

本文根据管道系统功能和震害特点,给出了对管道有影响的地震、液化、断层位移的概率预测模型和管段的功能失效概率模型;应用系统论的方法和可靠性原理建立了系统的失效概率预测模型。同时,给出算例说明本方法的应用。     

环境保护基本法若干问题研究

本文阐述了我国环境保护基本法的发展情况;归纳了环境保护基本法的特点、作用和意义;并对环境保护基本法之中国模式作了简要的介绍与论证。     

When is it morally acceptable to kill animals?

Professor Hugh Lehman has recently argued that the rights view, according to which nonhuman animals have a prima facie right to life, is compatible with the killing of animals in many circumstances, including killing for food, research, or product-testing purposes. His principle argument is an appeal to life-boat cases, in which certain lives should be sacrificed rather than others because the latter would allegedly be made worse-off by death than the former. I argue that this reasoning would apply to so-called inferior humans just as much as to animals, and that this appeal is unsuccessful in any case. I distinguish two versions of the rights view: the equal and the unequal rights views. Although the unequal rights view, unlike the equal rights view, would sanction the killing of animals (and some humans) for food under severely restricted circumstances, neither rights view sanctions the raising of animals for their meat. Moreover, neither rights view would sanction the killing of animals for research or product-testing purposes. I conclude with a brief discussion of the merits of phasing out the meat production industry.     

Environmental risks of chemicals and genetically modified organisms: a comparison. Part II: Sustainability and precaution in risk assessment and risk management

The principles of precaution and sustainability require more consideration in the assessment of environmental risks posed by chemicals and genetically modified organisms. Instead of applying risk reduction measures when there are serious indications for damage, full scientific certainty is often waited for before taking action. The precautionary principle particularly should be applied in those cases in which the extent and probability of damage are uncertain, e.g. in the case of persistent chemicals which are additionally bioaccumulative or highly mobile. Based on these principles, environmental action targets for risks associated with GMOs and chemicals can be developed. Risk management not only includes statutory measures but also instruments designed to influence behaviour indirectly are important to achieve the goals. Particularly for risks of GMOs which provoke fear, risk communication is important. Some rules to which attention should be paid in communication with the public are presented.     

Accounting for Uncertainty in Making Species Protection Decisions

Abstract:  Uncertainty gives rise to two decision errors in implementing the U.S. Endangered Species Act: listing species that are not in danger of extinction and delisting species that are in danger of extinction. I evaluated four methods (minimum standard, precautionary principle, minimax regret criterion, adaptive management) for deciding whether to list or delist a species when there is uncertainty about how those decisions are likely to influence survival of the species. A safe minimum standard criterion preserves some minimum amount or safe standard (population) of a species unless maintaining that amount generates unacceptable social cost. The precautionary principle favors not delisting a species when there is insufficient evidence on the efficacy of state management plans for protecting them. A minimax regret criterion selects the delisting decision that minimizes the maximum loss likely to occur under alternative ecosystem states. When the cost of making a correct decision is less than the cost of making an incorrect decision, the minimax regret criteria indicates that delisting is the optimal decision. Active adaptive management employs statistically valid experiments to test hypotheses about the likely impacts of delisting decisions. Safe minimum standard and minimax regret criterion are not compatible with the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The precautionary principle comes closest to describing how federal agencies make delisting decisions. Active adaptive management is scientifically superior to the other methods but is costly and time consuming and may not be compatible with the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act.     

新形势下煤矿安全教育研究

通过分析我国煤矿安全教育的现状以及存在的问题,提出了目前完善我国煤矿安全教育体制应采取的新举措,对提高我国煤矿安全教育水平,改善煤矿安全生产状况具有重要的意义.     

高低温低气压试验设备的温度漂移问题探析

本文主要介绍了环境试验设备的制冷原理及温度漂移问题，以Y6030Ⅱ—2型高低温低气压设备为例，深入分析了其温度漂移的解决方法。     

引入市场竞争机制,加大土地开发力度

本文针对在当前农业走向市场经济的大好形势下，提出搞好土地资源的开发必须引入市场竞争机制，才能加大开发力度；必须坚持以市场为导向、科技领先的原则，才能激发农民的积极性．同时根据山区的实际状况，总结了开发土地的经验与措施。     

酸性法测定高锰酸盐指数原理解析

解析了《水质高锰酸盐指数的测定》（GBll892—89）中采用酸性法测定高锰酸盐指数的实验原理及计算公式的推导。     

辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究

于2008年10月、2009年5月和8月采集辽河口湿地31个表层土壤样品,利用GC-FID技术定量分析其16种优控多环芳烃（PAH）含量.结果表明,PAHs总量分布范围为293.4～1936.9 ng·g^-1,平均值为851.5 ng·g^-1,其中油井区苇田PAHs含量最高（1717.5 ng·g^-1）,滩涂区最低（614.6 ng·g^-1）.2008年10月PAHs总量和中高环组分比重均高于2009年5月和8月.应用不同环数的相对丰度和比值法进行来源解析,结果表明,燃烧是2008年10月的主要来源,石油污染和燃烧源的混合来源为2009年5月和8月的主要来源.主成分分析和多元线性回归法显示交通污染和燃煤混合来源为2008年10月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率为45.5%;石油和交通混合污染是2009年5月和8月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.2%和42.2%.