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51.
52.
Ranjan S. Muttiah Raghavan Srinivasan Peter M. Allen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(3):625-630
ABSTRACT: The cascade correlation neural network was used to predict the two-year peak discharge (Q2) for major regional river basins of the continental United States (US). Watersheds ranged in size by four orders of magnitude. Results of the neural network predictions ranged from correlations of 0.73 for 104 test data in the Souris-Red Rainy river basin to 0.95 for 141 test data in California. These results are improvements over previous multilinear regressions involving more variables that showed correlations ranging from 0.26 to 0.94. Results are presented for neural networks trained and tested on drainage area, average annual precipitation, and mean basin elevation. A neural network trained on regional scale data in the Texas Gulf was comparable to previous estimates of Q2 by regression. Our research shows Q2 was difficult to predict for the Souris-Red Rainy, Missouri, and Rio Grande river basins compared to the rest of the US, and acceptable predictions could be made using only mean basin elevation and drainage areas of watersheds. 相似文献
53.
Ashutosh S. Limaye T Matthew Boyington James F Cruise Anupama Bulusu Elizabeth Brown 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(3):709-722
ABSTRACT: A macroscale hydrologic model is developed for regional climate assessment studies under way in the southeastern United States. The hydrologic modeling strategy is developed to optimize spatial representation of basin characteristics while maximizing computational efficiency. The model employs the “grouped response unit” methodology, which follows the natural drainage pattern of the area. First order streams are delineated and their surface characteristics are tested so that areas with statistically similar characteristics can be combined into larger computational zones for modeling purposes. Hydrologic response units (HRU) are identified within the modeling units and a simple three‐layer water balance model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), is executed for each HRU. The runoff values are then convoluted using a triangular unit hydrograph and routed by Muskingum‐Cunge method. The methodology is shown to produce accurate results relative to other studies, when compared to observations. The model is used to evaluate the potential error in hydrologic assessments when using GCM predictions as climatic input in a rainfall‐runoff dominated environment. In such areas, the results from this study, although limited in temporal and spatial scope, appear to imply that use of GCM climate predictions in short term quantitative analyses studies in rainfall‐runoff dominated environments should proceed with caution. 相似文献
54.
Rare events often result in large impacts and are hard to predict. Risk analysis of such events is a challenging task because there are few directly relevant data to form a basis for probabilistic risk assessment. Due to the scarcity of data, the probability estimation of a rare event often uses precursor data. Precursor-based methods have been widely used in probability estimation of rare events. However, few attempts have been made to estimate consequences of rare events using their precursors. This paper proposes a holistic precursor-based risk assessment framework for rare events. The Hierarchical Bayesian Approach (HBA) using hyper-priors to represent prior parameters is applied to probability estimation in the proposed framework. Accident precursor data are utilized from an information theory perspective to seek the most informative precursor upon which the consequence of a rare event is estimated. Combining the estimated probability and consequence gives a reasonable assessment of risk. The assessed risk is updated as new information becomes available to produce a dynamic risk profile. The applicability of the methodology is tested through a case study of an offshore blowout accident. The proposed framework provides a rational way to develop the dynamic risk profile of a rare event for its prevention and control. 相似文献
55.
通过对可靠度分析的概述理解到现代工程分析中实体模型不确定因素众多,进而带来分析的不准确性。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS提供的概率设计系统(PDS)的概率分析功能,使对结构的概率分析非常容易。根据结构的失效模式来确定结构功能函数,由此建立结构极限状态方程,再运用结构可靠度分析中的蒙特卡洛法(MCS法)利用结构的失效频率来估算其失效概率。在本文中提出了利用ANSYS的概率分析功能结合MCS法进行结构的可靠性分析的方法,并通过一个实例具体说明了利用ANSYS的概率分析功能实现结构的可靠性分析的可行性。 相似文献
56.
Stanley A. Changnon Donald R. Vonnhame 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(4):649-652
ABSTRACT: Seasonal precipitation predictions were utilized in a water management decision with major economic, societal, and political ramifications. A summer (1984) drought had created a situation calling for possible fall season use of state waters from two major multipurpose reservoirs with an ensuing effect on water price negotiations. Choices facing management and use of water from the reservoirs were to invoke expensive water restrictions with a 33 percent chance of being right, do nothing (66 percent chance of wrong outcome), or use the precipitation predictors (for above normal fall rain) having a 50 percent chance of error. Hydrologists chose to follow the precipitation predictions, which proved to be accurate for the fall of 1984, helping to reveal the long-term value of using well understood climate predictions in water management. 相似文献
57.
引入随机Pareto控制排序和随机小生境技术,提出基于参数随机变化的改进小生境Pareto遗传算法,用于求解不确定性条件下地下水污染治理多目标管理模型.同时,利用顺序高斯条件模拟的蒙特卡罗方法,结合不确定性分析和风险评估,分析不同渗透系数条件点数对污染物运移结果不确定性和污染风险评价的影响.最后将该方法应用于一个考虑渗透系数为随机变量的二维地下水污染修复算例中.结果分析表明,该方法可为地下水污染治理提供变异性较小的Pareto管理策略,是一种稳定可靠的多目标随机优化方法. 相似文献
58.
Individual and combined assessment of risks of adverse effects to aquatic ecosystems of three chlorophenols (CPs), including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), were conducted. A probabilistic approach based on the concentrations of CPs in surface waters of China was used to determine the likelihood of adverse effects. The potential risk of CPs in surface waters of China was determined to be of concern, especially PCP and mixtures of CPs. The risks of adverse effects were examined as the joint probabilities of exposure and response. The joint probability for PCP was 0.271 in the worst case and 0.111 in the median case, respectively. Based on the cumulative probability, 5% of aquatic organisms included in the assessment would be affected 21.36% of the time in the worst case and 5.99% of the time in median case, respectively. For the mixtures of CPs, the joint probability were 0.171 in the worst case and 0.503 in median case, respectively and 5% of species would be affected 49.83% of the time for the worst case and 12.72% in the median case, respectively. Risks of effects of the individual CPs, 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP were deemed to be acceptable with a overlapping probability of < 0.1 with 5% of species being affected less than 4% of the time. 相似文献
59.
简单描述了大气环境影响评价中的AERMOD模型及估算模式,采用这两种预测模式对同一生活垃圾填埋场无组织排放的NH3、H2S进行了预测。比较两种模式的预测结果可以看出,估算模式仅能预测小时值,AERMOD模式可同时预测小时值、日平均值、年平均值。在污染源、预测范围、运行周期相同的情况下,不论哪种预测模式,污染物的最大落地浓度均与排放源强呈正比,敏感点处的落地浓度均与污染物源强呈正比、与距离呈反比。预测结果同时说明,估算模式是一种保守的预测模式,其预测结果比AERMOD模式大,可作为进一步预测模式的有效补充。 相似文献
60.
以某VOCs(volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机化合物)污染场地为例,结合实地调查,将健康风险评估用于场地风险管理策略的筛选. 结果表明:①该场地不同深度土壤均受到氯仿、二氯甲烷和苯的污染,污染物垂向迁移特征明显,最大迁移深度达25.8 m,其中深度≤15.0 m的土壤污染较重. ②基于保守的通用场地概念模型对将其规划为居住用地时的健康风险进行评估显示,氯仿、二氯甲烷和苯的致癌风险分别达6.0×10-2、2.9×10-4、7.4×10-5,均超过可接受风险水平(1.0×10-6),三者修复目标分别为0.22、12.00和0.64 mg/kg. 如采取策略一,即将场地内超过修复目标的土壤进行清除,需修复的土壤深度达24.0 m,修复土方量为33.4×104 m3. ③结合污染物垂向分布及场地未来地下空间开发规划,提出策略二,即对0~15.0 m深度范围内重污染土壤进行清除异位修复、>15 m深度范围内土壤采取工程控制措施. 实施策略二后的风险评估结果显示,虽然>15.0 m深度范围内土壤中依然存在w(氯仿)超过修复目标的采样点,但致癌风险(8.3×10-8)远低于可接受水平;概率风险评估显示,该风险值对应的累计频率为99.5%,考虑各参数取值的不确定性后,风险模拟结果最大值也仅为1.06×10-7. 可见,策略二足够保守,能够保障未来居民的身体健康;与策略一相比,策略二可减少修复土方量6.4×104 m3,因此更具经济性,为风险管理策略的优选方案. 相似文献