Non-powered hand tool improvement research for prevention of work-related problems: a review

Purpose. In lower-middle-income countries, most of the work is performed manually using non-ergonomic hand tools which results in work-related health problems. Using hand tools designed in line with ergonomic principles may play an important role in reducing work-related health concerns significantly. Methods. Scientific databases (PubMed, EBSCOhost) and e-publishers were searched for articles from 1985 to 2015 using the following keywords: ‘hand tool’, ‘ergonomics’, ‘usability’ and ‘design’. After applying selection criteria to 614 articles, 58 articles related to the physical design of hand tools were selected. Results. Seventeen articles were related to hand tool improvement in the manufacturing sector. Musculoskeletal disorders were found to be the most frequently occurring work-related health problems. Most of the articles focused on product and qualitative variables for improvement in hand tools, while few articles considered human and task variables. Conclusions. Literature shows that hand tool improvement studies have been given less importance in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. However, some work of significance is reported in the agriculture sectors of these countries. Hence, it is concluded that ergonomic intervention in hand tools is much needed for those industries which employ traditional methods of working.     

搞好工业发展规划是解决城市环境问题的基本途径

城市环境污染问题是多方面、多层次的,解决城市环境问题的途径也是多方面、多层次的。该文通过本钢“400万吨钢"发展规划的环保分析,提出了搞好工业发展规划是解决城市环境问题的基本途径。本钢通过发展规划、实施技术改造,不但能够消除一些老污染源,而且还为污染的进一步治理提供了经济、技术基础,其环境效益显著。      

地级市监测站在执行环境空气质量标准中遇到的问题及解决思路

阐述了当前地级市监测站在执行GB3095-1996监测中遇到的困难和问题,提出了解决这些困难和问题的见解.     

环境标准实施中的若干问题

探讨了目前环境标准在制订、发行、宣贯过程中存在的问题 ,并就规范环境标准发布、加强标准宣贯等提出建议     

克州退耕还林工作的现状、问题及对策

干旱区的生态环境,特别是绿洲的开发,改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来对绿洲气候的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明,新疆南部干旱区最近几年的戈壁绿洲开发已改变了整个地州的气候变化,使其变为有利于人类的生存和发展。在戈壁绿洲的开发利用与环境变化之间,存在着2种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展;环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化,甚至消失。决定这2种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。本文针对此问题进行了论述。     

长江三角洲水环境治理

长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的地区之一。社会经济的高速发展，使得该区水资源的需求量加大，污染物排放置增多，水环境恶化，造成水质型缺水并影响该地区的可持续发展，水环境治理迫在眉睫。长江三角洲的主要水问题有洪涝灾害、干旱缺水、水环境恶化三大问题，其中水环境恶化是核心。水环境恶化导致地表水资源供水不足，迫使地下水过量开采，引起地面沉降，加剧了洪涝灾害。长江三角洲水环境恶化久治不见大效并有加剧趋势，主要原因是造成长江三角洲水环境恶化的点源污染虽已基本得到控制，但面源污染、内源污染仍末得到有效的治理。因此，长江三角洲水环境治理应总结过去工作中的经验和教训，以及水污染主要污染源的变化，调整水环境治理和保护的思路。建议改部分治理为整体治理、单项治理为综合治理，并以水环境承载力和水资源承载力观点指导水环境治理和保护，使长江三角洲水资源得到可持续利用。     

Flowrate targeting for threshold problems and plant-wide integration for water network synthesis

Water reuse/recycle has gained much attention in recent years for environmental sustainability reasons, as well as the rising costs of fresh water and effluent treatment. Process integration techniques for the synthesis of water network have been widely accepted as a promising tool to reduce fresh water and wastewater flowrates via in-plant water reuse/recycle. To date, the focus in this area has been on water network synthesis problems, with little attention dedicated to the rare but realistic cases of so-called threshold problems. In this work, targeting for threshold problems in a water network is addressed using the recently developed numerical tool of water cascade analysis (WCA). Targeting for plant-wide integration is then addressed. By sending water sources across different geographical zones in plant-wide integration, the overall fresh water and wastewater flowrates are reduced simultaneously.     

江苏土地资源存在的问题及其对策

一、扼要叙述土地资源利用现状、变化趋势和后备土地资源状况,二、说明江苏土地资源利用存在的问题。三、重点阐述人地矛盾突出和环境污染发展趋势严峻两大问题。四、指出必须把治理保护土地资源和生态环境作为一项重大任务加以落实。提出加强综合管理、综合治理,加强资源保护,控制人口增长,加速农业资源开发的对策。     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

昆钢煤气系统的经济安全性分析与优化

从安全运行和经济运行两方面论述了昆钢煤气系统中存在的问题，针对存在问题提出解决措施及建议。