危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业研究

介绍了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测方法,包括试纸法、气体速测管法和便携式分析仪器测定法。对硫化氢、氨、苯、可燃气4种典型有害物质的应急检测方法与标准检测方法进行了实验比对,结果表明其应急检测方法能够满足应急检测工作的要求。编写了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业文件集和《危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测作业指南》。文件集的建立能够规范应急检测工作流程、保证应急检测工作质量、提高工作效率。《危化品突发泄漏事件应急检测作业指南》,能够保证事故现场应急检测工作高效有序开展,为应急救援人员提供必要安全保障,为事故原因调查和分析提供充分可靠的数据依据。     

浅谈军用飞机外挂系统机械环境适应性设计鉴定流程

为了建立外挂系统机械环境适应性设计及鉴定流程,通过梳理外挂系统在使用寿命周期中预期会遇到的机械环境约束条件,确定外挂系统设计需要研究完成的内容,包括技术要求制定、验证/分析方法、试验/评估结果评定等。详细阐述了机械环境适应性设计必要性,正向定量/定性设计方法以及机械环境鉴定试验流程需要考虑的内容。形成了外挂系统机械环境设计及鉴定流程。以某外挂系统机械环境适应性设计鉴定为例,验证了流程的有效性及经济性。     

省级生产安全应急救援体系建设方案探讨

省级生产安全应急救援体系是国家生产安全应急救援体系的重要组成部分。为了使省级生产安全应急救援体系的建设方案具有实用性、先进性、经济性和可操作性 ,笔者通过调研许多地方的经济现状、重大危险源和现有的生产安全应急救援资源 ,提出了省级应急救援体系的基本框架和体系在应急救援情况下的响应程序。要在省、市 (地区 )、县三级建立起权威的应急救援指挥机构 ,才能使应急救援体系实现高度的统一指挥 ,灵敏高效 ;充分地整合和利用现有各种救援力量和通讯系统 ,实现资源共享 ,避免重复建设 ;促进“110” ,“119” ,“12 0” ,“12 2”等通讯网络联动 ,并逐步应用GPS ,GIS等资源 ,建立先进的动态跟踪监测 ,可视的信息系统 ;应急救援队伍由3部分组成 ,即政府主办的公共应急救援队伍 (现有 )、政府资助由行业或集团公司主办的专业应急救援队伍、企业自备的应急救援队伍 ;同时对体系中各种机构的组成及其主要职责提出了设想。     

TWO PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR DETERMINING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RAINFALL DEPTH PERCENTILES1

ABSTRACT: A simple simulation type approach and a statistical method are proposed for determining the confidence interval of the T‐year frequency rainfall percentiles (or precipitation extremes) for generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. The former method is based on the Monte Carlo testing procedure. To generate realizations, the covariance structure of the three parameters of GEV is investigated using an observed information matrix of the likelihood function. For distributions with realistic parameters, the correlation between the location and the scale parameters is practically constant when the shape parameter varies around values close to its optimal value. The latter method is based on likelihood ratio statistics. In the case where the joint confidence surface for shape parameters and estimates is plotted with lines of best estimates, the region where the estimated best percentile value can be chosen as a possible estimate is part of the joint confidence surface. The projection of this bounded region on axis of percentile is defined as the effective confidence interval in this research. The use of this effective interval as the confidence interval of the percentile of T‐year frequency rainfall is particularly recommended because it is stable for T and it reflects variations in all three parameters of GEV appropriately.     

A structural decomposition-based diagnosis method for dynamic process systems using HAZID information

A novel diagnosis method is proposed in this paper that uses the results of the blended HAZID analysis extended to the dynamic case of process systems controlled by operational procedures. The algorithm is capable of finding fault root causes in process systems using nominal and observed possible faulty operational procedure execution traces. The algorithm uses the structural decomposition of the process system and its component-level dynamic HAZID (P-HAZID) tables and executes the diagnosis component-wise by first decomposing the observed execution traces, and then assembling the diagnosis results. The exact structure of the algorithm is also discussed, followed by two case studies on which its operation is demonstrated.     

核电厂HRA定性分析

人因可靠性分析(HRA)是核电厂概率安全评价(PSA)的重要组成部分,定性评价对核电厂庞大的数据进行筛选和分析,是HRA的基础和出发点.本文介绍了核电厂HRA定性分析的目的、原则、方法和程序,并以压水堆核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)为具体实例进行说明.     

In situ immobilisation remediation of cadmium in artificially contaminated soil: a chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sepiolite-induced immobilisation remediation of Cd contaminated soil. The results demonstrated that adding sepiolite significantly increased the soil pH and resulted in 35.1–66.0%, 30.3–48.9%, and 31.6–51.6% reduction in toxicity characteristic leaching procedure of Cd (TCLP-Cd), respectively, for the Cd levels of 1.25, 2.5, and 5?mg/kg compared with the no-sepiolite controls. These decreases in TCLP-Cd were associated with reductions in plant phyotoxicity and Cd absorption, and sepiolite-treated soils resulted in increases of 3.2–38.0%, 34.2–52.3%, and 8.4–51.5% in shoot biomass, respectively, and in decreases of 26.7–39.6%, 17.3–28.5%, and 6.1–21.8% in shoot Cd contents, respectively, under soil Cd concentration of 1.25, 2.5 and 5?mg/kg compared to the unamended soils. The greater microbial biomass and catalase and urease activities after applying sepiolite implied a certain degree of recovery in metabolic function recovery during soil remediation. These results demonstrated that the application of sepiolite not only was effective at reducing Cd bioavailability and the rate of Cd accumulation in plants, but also improved soil environmental quality.     

污染场地健康风险评价中多介质模型的优选研究

综合考虑了参数不确定性、模型不确定性对风险评价结果可信度的影响差异和国内实际污染场地健康风险评价中对已有模型的不当选择可能带来的负面效应,提出相对于参数不确定性的控制,针对目标情景的适当模型选择应成为提高风险评价结果可信度的更重要环节.本研究选取了模型理论架构上符合案例情景的美国环境保护署研发的3MRA、MMSOILS和美国劳伦斯伯克力国家实验室研发的CalTOX 3个被广泛使用的污染场地健康风险评价多介质模型,并与蒙特卡洛模拟相结合,载入污染厂址案例,并对特定受体进行了风险评价,由此定量分析了参数不确定性和模型选择不确定对评价结果可信度的影响程度,并通过对比3个模型的内在架构分析了不确定性的可能来源,最后总结提出了“6步综合评价模式”,该模式能有效提高污染场地健康风险评价的可信度及经济可行性.     

我国城市污泥中重金属的赋存形态与生态风险评价

为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属（HMs）的形态特征和污染状况,本研究以我国40座城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,对污泥中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的总量以及赋存形态进行了测定.采用毒液浸出法（TCLP）、风险评价编码法（RAC）和潜在生态风险指数法评价了其生态风险.结果表明,40个样品中重金属含量的中位值由大到小依次为：Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cd,各元素整体达标率>90%.As的各形态分布较为平均;Cd和Zn以可还原态为主;Cr主要以残渣态的形式存在,其次为可氧化态和可还原态;Cu主要以可氧化态的形式存在;Ni主要以可交换态的形式存在;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态的形式存在,可交换态的含量最低.TCLP提取态重金属的比例大小顺序为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr,所有样品中Pb的TCLP提取态含量均低于检出限;RAC法评价结果显示,7种重金属环境风险大小依次为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb,Ni的生态风险等级为高等,Zn、As和Cd的生态风险等级为中等,Cr和Cu的生态风险等级为低等,Pb无生态风险;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,城市污泥中Cd和Cu的潜在生态风险最高,是我国城市污泥中主要的重金属污染物,但是如果按照国家标准规定的方法进行农用,造成土壤污染的风险总体处于较低水平.     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤酶活性特征研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,在贵州西南部花江典型喀斯特峡谷区选择裸地、草本、灌木、乔林四个植被恢复阶段作为退化植被恢复过程中不同恢复阶段。然后在一年中四个季节的每一季节分别对四个阶段样地进行取土,带回实验室风干磨细。分别用比色法测定脲酶活性,用比色法测定淀粉酶活性,用碘量滴定法测定多酚氧化酶活性。通过一年的实验结果表明,土壤酶活性随植被恢复过程逐渐提高,即裸地阶段〈草本群落阶段〈灌木群落阶段〈乔林阶段。土壤酶在土壤中分布是根际土大于非根际土,垂直剖面上,A层总是大于B层。脲酶、淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶活性在一年中总体表现为春夏季高,冬季低的特点,具体的酶表现不尽相同。各层次酶活性季节性变化趋势相同。