基于GIS和RS的市域尺度下的植被NPP研究

在GIS和RS支持下,利用土地利用类型数据、地面气象数据和遥感影像数据,以青岛市为例,研究了市域尺度下的植被NPP空间分布特征.结果表明:青岛市NPP值为0~288 g·m-2·a-2,林地NPP值较高,耕地次之,建成区等区域最小.在小尺度区域内,NPP分布受土地利用类型影响较大,受气象因素影响较小.NPP模块在数据获取上比较容易,仅利用土地利用类型数据、地面气象数据和遥感数据就可以对陆地植被NPP进行计算,实际应用可操作性强.30 m分辨率植被NPP计算值更适宜于在市级小尺度区域内应用.     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦养分吸收与分配的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)污染会危害植物生长,势必间接影响氮素吸收利用.本研究利用开放式臭氧污染(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment,O3FACE)研究平台,研究了大气O3浓度增加(比周围大气高50％)对长江三角洲地区5个冬小麦(Tritcium aestivum L.)主栽品种(扬麦15、扬麦16、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和嘉兴002)的物质积累、氮素吸收与分配的影响.结果显示,O3浓度升高对秸秆和籽粒的影响远大于根系.烟农19、嘉兴002和扬麦16的产量因O3浓度升高而减少,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号产量则变化不大.扬幅麦2号与嘉兴002的秸秆干物重因O3浓度升高而显著增加,扬麦15与烟农19分别呈增大与降低趋势,而扬麦16则无变化表明O3污染对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响存在品种差异.O3浓度升高影响氮素在小麦根、秸秆和籽粒中的含量与分配趋势,但影响程度因品种而异.O3浓度升高导致扬幅麦2号的总吸氮量显著增加30.6％及烟农19的总吸氮量呈增加趋势,并使嘉兴002的总吸氮量显著降低34.8％及扬麦16总吸氮量呈降低趋势,但扬麦15的总吸氮量则不受影响.除扬麦15外,O3浓度升高具有减少籽粒氮占总氮比例的趋势,表明小麦响应O3污染对氮素吸收与分配调整机制存在品种差异.扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的氮肥偏生产力因O3浓度升高而显著降低,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号则无明显变化.扬麦16和嘉兴002的氮肥利用率因O3浓度升高显著降低,而扬幅麦2号呈增加趋势,扬麦15、烟农19呈降低趋势.综合来看,小麦扬麦15抗O3污染能力强于其它品种,而嘉兴002则最易遭受臭氧污染危害.评价O3污染对小麦干物质与产量的形成与分配、氮素在植物-土壤系统周转的影响应综合考虑品种差异.     

20 a来中国占补耕地光温生产潜力时空特征

研究占补耕地光温生产潜力的时空特征对指导耕地资源开发与粮食生产具有重要意义。论文基于1980年代末-2010年的多期土地利用和多年平均光温生产潜力,以占用耕地与增补耕地单位面积光温生产潜力为依据,分析20 a来中国占补耕地光温生产潜力时空特征,并进一步探讨其对光温生产潜力总量的影响。结果表明:①1980年代末-2010年,全国耕地存在明显的占优补劣情况;②从各分区看,东北平原主产区、北方干旱半干旱主产区、青藏高原区、华南主产区、云贵高原区占用耕地单位面积光温生产潜力持续高于增补耕地,长江中下游主产区占用耕地单位面积光温生产潜力持续低于增补耕地,四川盆地及周边地区、黄土高原区、海南由占优补劣变为占劣补优,黄淮海平原区由占劣补优变为占优补劣;③占优补劣对全国光温生产潜力总量变化有显著影响;④东北平原主产区等我国耕地开垦的主要区域受占优补劣的影响较大,华南主产区等耕地损失区受占优补劣的影响相对较小,占劣补优对缩小耕地占用对光温生产潜力总量影响的作用并不大。     

全新世哈尼泥炭地碳积累速率及影响因素

本工作研究了全新世中国东北地区哈尼泥炭地的碳积累速率与气候变化的响应机制。综合多指标腐殖化度、有机碳含量、干容重和纤维素碳氧同位素重建了哈尼地区全新世气候变化历史,并且基于定年、有机碳含量和干容重得到碳积累速率数据。哈尼泥炭时间加权平均碳积累速率28.3gC/(m2·a)。B/A暖期后期温暖湿润气候有利于碳积累,出现碳积累高峰。相对寒冷的新仙女木期碳积累速率有所降低。温暖湿润早中全新世虽有高泥炭分解,但高初级生产力还是占据主导作用,出现高碳积累速率。期间有两次火山碎屑层扰动了泥炭发育,导致碳积累速率下降。高碳积累速率一直持续到4ka BP左右大暖期结束。4.0~1.6ka BP太平洋季风减弱,泥炭表面偏干,加之降温导致低初级生产力,最终导致此阶段碳积累速率显著降低。之后季风不断增强,碳积累速率也随之增加。八次IRD降温,小冰期和新仙女木降温在哈尼都是冷湿气候组合。冷湿气候虽使有机物分解降低,但更大程度的抑制了初级生产力发展,导致低碳积累速率。     

植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应研究——以黄土高原燕沟流域为例

Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is a sensitive indicator to characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to the climate change. Projections of the NPP changes of the Loess Plateau under future climate scenarios have great significances in revealing the interactions among terrestrial ecosystems and climatic systems, as well as instructing future vegetation construction of this region. Here, we carried out a case study on the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau. Using the vegetation-producing process model (VPP) established for such small watersheds, we simulated the NPP of the Yangou watershed under different scenarios of climate changes. The results showed that the NPP significantly increased with the precipitation increasing and evidently decreased with the temperature increasing where the climate change occurred in the whole year or in the summer half year. However, where the climate change occurred in the winter half year, the increased precipitation had little effect on the NPP, and the increased temperature significantly reduced the NPP. There were clear differences among the response sensitivities of different vegetation types with trees and shrubs were more sensitive to the changes in temperature and precipitation than crops and grasses. Currently, the most favourable climate change scenario to the NPP in the Yangou watershed was T0P15 under which the precipitation increased by 15% and the temperature did not changed, in the whole year; in the meantime, the most unfavourable climate change scenarios was T2P-15 under which the precipitation declined by 15% and the temperature increased by 2℃, in the whole year.     

绿色文化与绿色生产力

绿色生产力是以＂绿色＂为核心价值的生产力。绿色文化是以生态科学和可持续发展理论作为思想基础的新兴文化,是倡导人与自然和谐相处的思想体系。绿色文化是发展绿色生产力的价值选择。绿色文化以科学技术为载体,发挥生产力功能。绿色文化作为价值观,指导管理、法律法规等,共同实现生产力绿色水平的提高。     

基于沼液的培养基及产油小球藻藻种选育

将产油小球藻培养与沼液污水处理结合,为小球藻生长提供营养和水源,同时实现了沼液污水的无害化处理.本研究利用4种产油小球藻,在沼液污水与绿藻培养基体积比为1∶9、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1形成的培养基中培养,以产油率为指标,选育出获得最高产油率时的沼液污水-绿藻培养基配比和小球藻藻种.结果表明,产油率最高的培养基体积比为1∶3,小球藻藻种为BJ05,该工况下产油率达到9.20 mg·(L·d)-1,高于纯绿藻培养基中的8.66 mg·(L·d)-1.在1/4污水比例培养基基础上,考查添加绿藻培养基中不同营养组分对BJ05产油率的影响,结果发现,在同时不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的情况下,BJ05的产油率为9.36 mg·(L·d)-1,COD、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、NH+4-N去除率分别达到59%、75%、61%、100%.而其他营养成分缺失则显著降低了BJ05的生物量,进而降低了产油率,所以进一步优化培养基为绿藻培养基中不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的体积比为1∶3的沼液污水-绿藻培养基.     

中国服务业碳生产率的空间收敛性研究

在经济服务化与低碳化的双重背景下,研究中国服务业碳生产率的演变轨迹,区域差异及空间收敛特征,对于推动中国服务业高质量发展具有重要的意义。采用2004—2016年中国30个省(区、市)的面板数据,对服务业碳生产率进行测度,并对其演变轨迹与区域差异进行分析,在此基础上,系统考察中国服务业碳生产率的空间收敛性。研究表明:①中国服务业碳生产率在整体上呈逐年增长态势,且呈现从东到西逐次递减的格局。②中国服务业碳生产率存在正向空间自相关关系,并且空间自相关程度表现出波动上升趋势。③全国与西部服务业碳生产率均不存在σ收敛,即服务业碳生产率的地区差异并未随着时间的推移而缩小;东、中部服务业碳生产率则在整体上呈现σ收敛特征。全国以及东、中、西部服务业碳生产率均存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,即服务业碳生产率落后地区对发达地区存在"追赶效应",各地区服务业碳生产率最终向自身的稳态水平趋同;空间效应加快了全国与东部服务业碳生产率的β收敛速度。④人均服务业增加值增长速度、部门结构以及能源消费结构对服务业碳生产率具有显著的负向效应,人力资本则对服务业碳生产率产生了显著的正向影响。据此,本文的政策启示如下:①重视服务业碳排放问题,构建服务业低碳绩效评估体系。②探索建立定期会商制度,加强服务业低碳技术的跨区域交流合作。③完善基础设施,促进要素空间互动和优化重组。④调整服务业能源结构与部门结构,推进人力资本积累和服务业稳增长。     

Management of mine spoil for crop productivity with lignite fly ash and biological amendments

Long-term field trials using lignite fly ash (LFA) were carried out in rice crops during the period 1996-2000 at Mine I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Tamil Nadu. LFA, being alkaline and endowed with an excellent pozzolanic nature, silt loam texture, and plant nutrients, has the potential to improve the texture, fertility, and crop productivity of mine spoil. The rice crops were the first, third, fifth, and sixth crops in rotation. The other crops, such as green gram (second) and sun hemp (fourth), were grown as green manure. For experimental trials, LFA was applied at various dosages (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 t/ha), with and without press mud (10 t/ha), before cultivation of the first crop. Repeat applications of LFA were made at the same dosages in treatments of up to 50 t/ha (with and without press mud) before cultivation of the third and fifth crops. Press mud, a lightweight organic waste product from the sugar industry, was used as an organic amendment and source of plant nutrients. Also, a recommended dosage of chemical fertilizer, along with gypsum, humic acid, and biofertilizer as supplementing agents, was applied in all the treatments, including control. With one-time and repeat applications of LFA, from 5 to 20 t/ha (with and without press mud), the crop yield (grain and straw) increased significantly (p < 0.05), in the range from 3.0 to 42.0% over the corresponding control. The maximum yield was obtained with repeat applications of 20 t/ha of LFA with press mud in the third crop. The press mud enhanced the yield in the range of 1.5-10.2% with various dosages of LFA. The optimum dosage of LFA was 20 t/ha for both one-time and repeat applications. Repeat applications of LFA at lower dosages of up to 20 t/ha were more effective in increasing the yield than the corresponding one-time applications of up to 20 t/ha and repeat applications at 50 t/ha. One-time and repeat applications of LFA of up to 20 t/ha (with and without press mud), apart from increasing the yield, evinced improvement in the texture and fertility of mine spoil and the nutrient content of crop produce. Furthermore, some increase in the content of trace and heavy metals and the level of gamma-emitters in the mine spoil and crop produce was observed, but well within the permissible limits. The residual effect of LFA on succeeding crops was also encouraging in terms of eco-friendliness. Beyond 20 t/ha of LFA, the crop yield decreased significantly (p < 0.05), as a result of the formation of hardpan in the mine spoil and possibly the higher concentration of soluble salts in the LFA. However, the adverse effects of soluble salts were annulled progressively during the cultivation of succeeding crops. A plausible mechanism for the improved fertility of mine spoil and the carryover or uptake of toxic trace and heavy metals and gamma-emitters in mine spoil and crop produce is also discussed.     

天津市工业行业全要素能源效率变动的影响因素分析

天津市作为一个典型的工业城市,工业行业能源效率水平决定了其能否完成"十二五"期间单位生产总值能耗比"十一五"末下降18%的国家节能降耗考核目标。正确把握影响工业行业能源效率变动的因素是天津市寻求节能降耗途径的关键。本文以1998-2008年天津市工业行业的能源消耗面板数据为样本,通过引入非参数Malmquist生产率指数,从技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率指数角度分析天津市工业行业全要素能源效率变化情况,并运用Tobit模型估计工业化水平、工业内部结构、技术进步、产权结构、政府影响力、进出口贸易和能源消费结构等要素对工业行业全要素能源效率变化的影响程度。研究表明:1998-2008年期间,天津市工业行业间的能源效率差异显著,整体全要素能源效率不断提高,技术进步是其提高的主要原因,但技术效率表现为负增长;工业化水平、技术进步、进出口贸易和能源消费结构的调整对工业行业能源效率的提升具有不同程度的促进作用,但重工业和国有经济比重的增加及政府对能源市场的干预对能源效率的提升起负向作用。因此,天津市工业行业能源效率的进一步提高,需要大力开发、推广和使用先进技术及设备,加强对外开放力度,降低重工业和国有经济比重,充分发挥市场调节能源配置的优势。