包容性增长测度及影响因素分析——基于经济可持续的视角

从经济增长的可持续性出发,测度出1998-2009年经济增长的可持续包容度,发现中国经济的包容度处于基本包容状态,具体而言,工业化中期形成的高投资、高消耗的增长模式使得能源消耗与环境污染压力日益严重,这些都阻碍了可持续包容度的提高。另一方面,国际金融危机的影响导致投资拉动型特征更加明显,再次使得可持续包容度呈现下降趋势。从区域差异来看,中国东部、中部、西部三大区域的可持续包容度依次递减。在此基础上构建动态面板数据,通过系统广义矩估计方法实证分析了可持续包容度的影响因素,结论表明从影响经济增长的可持续包容度的角度来看,更高的的研发投入水平和完善的基础设施有利于包容性增长的实现;能源使用效率的低下则阻碍了包容性增长;市场化程度与FDI对包容度的影响不明确;经济发展水平则与包容度之间具有显著的U型关系。由此,相应的政策建议是要提高可持续包容,可以加强研发投入力度,降低能源消耗,提高市场化程度,并根据各地区不同发展阶段采取不同的发展战略。     

环境规制条件下中国农业全要素生产率增长与分解

采用单元调查评估法对中国农业分省污染排放量进行核算的基础上,应用基于方向性距离函数的Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数方法,对1978-2008年环境规制条件下省际农业TFP增长及其源泉进行实证分析,将农业增长、资源节约与环境保护纳入到一个统一框架.研究发现:①环境规制条件下农业TFP取得了一定增长,主要由前沿技术进步贡献,环境技术效率也存在一定程度的改善,在时间趋势上大致可以划分为6个阶段;②从资源、环境与增长的统筹兼顾来看,农业TFP及其增长模式地区差异明显,东部地区要优于西部地区,中部地区则可能处于失衡状态;③以三大直辖市为代表的东部省区和西部青海、贵州和宁夏等边远省份直接主导着“农业环境技术创新”;④是否考虑环境污染成本,对农业生产率核算会产生较大影响,并可能导致政策偏误.     

Good deposits are not enough: Mining labor productivity analysis in the copper industry in Chile and Peru 1992–2009

Chile and Peru produce almost 45% of world’s mine copper output. This situation reflects their natural endowment and mining tradition, but is also the result of development processes undertaken over the last decades. As a result, both countries multiplied its mine copper production in more than 3 times in the last 20 years. Mining labor productivity played a central role achieving these amazing growth rates. Although there is a consensus about the relevance of this variable for the mining industry, the specific factors behind labor productivity changes are not completely understood.     

发动机厂生产车间色彩配置对安全的影响剖析

随着工业的飞速发展,在现代化工厂建设中,建立较完善的劳动条件不仅取决于生产技术、卫生条件和建筑设计等多方面措施,厂房内部及设备合理的色彩修饰也起着重要的作用。科学技术的高度发展使技术与艺术相结合已成为必然趋势,设计具体车间的色彩配置立足减轻劳动强度,改善工作环境,提供科学管理车间的可能性出发,充分运用了美学、人体工程学原理及艺术造型的方法,使其在实用功能、人机关系和视觉心理上达到了充分协调。本文简要论述了发动机厂生产车间内色彩的选择与搭配的原则,同时为规范发动机厂生产车间色彩管理工作,确保车间的统一性、协调性和特殊性,运用色彩的属性对车间内饰及设备设施进行了配置,建立良好的生产秩序,创造良好的工作环境,减少疲劳,提高生产的安全性、经济性及生产率。     

Equity and productivity assessments in the Olifants River basin, South Africa

Emerging approaches to water resources development and management typically highlight equity and productivity as two main objectives. In the context of integrated water resources management within a river basin, managers and stakeholders often need a comparative assessment of different options for water augmentation and/or allocation. Pitting such options against predefined objectives, such as equity and productivity, requires an assessment of the effects that available options will have on these objectives. Available documentation indicates that not only does the interpretation of such objectives vary widely, but also the available methods for assessing equity and productivity run into significant limitations in the availability of adequate data. This limitation has largely kept decision makers from gaining a comprehensive overview of equity and productivity scenarios, whether within or across sectors, that could facilitate better‐informed decisions. To address this methodological gap, this article scrutinizes different notions associated with equity and water productivity, and limitations in prevalent assessment methods with the view to develop and demonstrate pragmatic methodologies for assessing equity and productivity in data‐scarce contexts. The discussion and findings are based on a review of relevant literature and empirical and consultative research work in the Olifants River basin in South Africa. The demonstrated methodologies for assessing equity and productivity, besides being useful in data‐scarce contexts, are insightful for initiating several policy measures and also for exploring the relationship between equity and water productivity.     

EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION ON THE ALGAL FLORA OF A SMALL RECREATIONAL IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Investigations were initiated to evaluate the effects of sedimentation on the algal composition, primary productivity rates and chemical nutrient concentrations of a 17 acre recreational impoundment in central Virginia. Comparisons during the winter seasons of 1972–1973 indicated that as a result of sedimentation, from lake front home construction, the total numbers of algal genera in the lake decreased from 24 to 16, productivity as measured by ¹⁴CO₂ and total extractable chlorophyll decreased two fold, and several important nutrients, i.e. NH4⁺-N, SiO₂ and PO₄-P increased significantly.     

Remote sensing of coastal food resources

Since tidal marshes and estuaries cover large areas of the world's coasts and exhibit a very high net primary productivity, they offer a most important food source for an ever increasing world population. The food web of numerous estuaries and coastal waters is based on the primary productivity of coastal marshes that constitute centers of solar energy fixation and an important link in the mineral cycles. The fixed carbon and minerals enterthe water primarily as detritus where a complex food web makes them accessible to commercially important fish and benthic communities. With the launch of LANDSAT, NOAA-2, and Skylab, relatively high resolution spacecraft data became available for mapping and inventorying tidal marshes and their productivity on a global scale. Upwelling regions that attract large fish populations as well as other coastal water properties relating to the presence of finfish, Crustacea, and shellfish could be identified and observed. Using multispectral analysis techniques, classification accuracies greater than 80 percent have been obtained for most marsh plant species, and greater than 90 percent for key types such asSpartina alterniflora, which is the primary producer in large tide marshes of the coastal eastern USA. The capacity of remote sensors on spacecraft such as NOAA-2, LANDSAT, and Skylab to assess coastal food resources on a global scale is discussed from the point of view of resolution, classification accuracy, and cost effectiveness.     

区域生态承载力与可持续发展

本文探讨了生态承载力的概念和估测的方法,分析了大陆典型生态系统净第一性生产力的背景值,研究了确定自然系统最优生态承载力的依据,在此基础上,提出了提高区域生态承载力,实现区域可持续发展基本对策。     

我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流分析

论文利用物质流分析方法对2000~2005年我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流进行了核算与分析。结果表明:近年我国社会经济发展从地质环境获取的物质需求总量呈增加态势,2005年达到了439.6×10⁸t,显著超过了国外主要发达国家,致使我国地质环境压力不断增大;我国经济增长在依赖于地质资源的同时,物质生产力从240.9元/t增长到416.5元/t,但与主要发达国家相比,我国经济发展仍属于资源消耗型,可持续发展能力较低;我国人均物质消耗量为33.6t,明显低于主要发达国家,按照发达国家人均物质消耗量开发地质资源将远远超过我国的地质环境承载力,决定了我国只能走资源节约型的经济发展道路。     

A process-based model designed for filling of large data gaps in tower-based measurements of net ecosystem productivity

In this paper we present a simple hybrid gap-filling model (GFM) designed with a minimum number of parameters necessary to capture the ecological processes important for filling medium-to-large gaps in Flux data. As the model is process-based, the model has potential to be used in filling large gaps exhibiting a broad range of micro-meteorological and site conditions. The GFM performance was evaluated using “Punch hole” and extrapolation experiments based on data collected in west-central New Brunswick. These experiments indicated that the GFM is able to provide acceptable results (r² > 0.80) when >500 data points are used in model parameterization. The GFM was shown to address daytime evolution of NEP reasonably well for a wide range of weather and site conditions. An analysis of residuals indicated that for the most part no obvious trends were evident; although a slight bias was detected in NEP with soil temperature. To explore the portability of the GFM across ecosystem types, a transcontinental validation was conducted using NEP and ancillary data from seven ecosystems along a north-south transect (i.e., temperature–moisture gradient) from northern Europe (Finland) to the Middle East (Israel). The GFM was shown to explain over 75% of the variability in NEP measured at most ecosystems, which strongly suggests that the GFM maybe successfully applied to forest ecosystems outside Canada.