基于DEA—Malquist模型对煤炭企业全要素生产率的分析

通过2005--2007年数据,选取27家煤炭企业作为研究对象,对其进行效率评价。首先运用DEA方法分析了27家煤炭企业的总体效率状态,结论是效率不理想。分析找出煤炭企业效率低的原因,主要包括煤炭企业人员冗余严重、科研投入不足、煤炭企业自主创新能力低和体制改革不够彻底,最后分析了煤炭企业进行技术效率创新动力不足的原因。     

浅谈油田产能开发建设项目竣工环境保护验收调查报告的编制

文章在分析油田产能开发建设项目竣工环境保护验收特点的基础上,结合工作实际,阐述了该类建设项目环境保护竣工验收调查报告的工作程序、调查方法、调查范围和调查因子以及调查报告的重点,期望对该类建设项目竣工环境保护验收调查报告的编制有所帮助。     

利用农业土壤固定有机碳——缓解全球变暖与提高土壤生产力

大气CO     

Seeking calm water: Exploring policy options for India's water future

This paper seeks to identify some promising policy options which could be part of a strategic and holistic effort to address India's future water challenges. Significant increases in agricultural water productivity would be a major factor in reducing the need for developing new water sources. Crop diversification, appropriately targeted to account for the present agricultural systems and available water resources, will increase productivity. Furthermore, much more emphasis needs to be placed on effective management of the groundwater resources through renewed efforts to enhance artificial recharge and conservation. Also, efforts should be revived to improve the existing surface irrigation systems. In particular, systems could be reconfigured to provide a more reliable water supply and allow effective community level management, where appropriate. Finally, while some of the increasing demands from domestic and industrial users will be met by the development of groundwater and reallocation of water from the agricultural sector, this will not be sufficient. Given that such conditions are emerging in states with high economic growth and relatively water scarce basins, this will require the further development of water resources. In some cases, these conditions along with the demand for reliable water for high value crops, will be part of the justification for inter‐basin transfers.     

A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis

Increased crop yield is a commonly reported benefit of adding biochar to soils. However, experimental results are variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties and conditions, while causative mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. A statistical meta-analysis was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the relationship between biochar and crop productivity (either yield or above-ground biomass). Results showed an overall small, but statistically significant, benefit of biochar application to soils on crop productivity, with a grand mean increase of 10%. However, the mean results for each analysis performed within the meta-analysis covered a wide range (from −28% to 39%). The greatest (positive) effects with regard to soil analyses were seen in acidic (14%) and neutral pH soils (13%), and in soils with a coarse (10%) or medium texture (13%). This suggests that two of the main mechanisms for yield increase may be a liming effect and an improved water holding capacity of the soil, along with improved crop nutrient availability. The greatest positive result was seen in biochar applications at a rate of 100 t ha⁻¹ (39%). Of the biochar feedstocks considered and in relation to crop productivity, poultry litter showed the strongest (significant) positive effect (28%), in contrast to biosolids, which were the only feedstock showing a statistically significant negative effect (−28%). However, many auxiliary data sets (i.e. information concerning co-variables) are incomplete and the full range of relevant soil types, as well as environmental and management conditions are yet to be investigated. Furthermore, only short-term studies limited to periods of 1 to 2 years are currently available. This paper highlights the need for a strategic research effort, to allow elucidation of mechanisms, differentiated by environmental and management factors and to include studies over longer time frames.     

淮北涡河流域农业自然生产潜力模型与分析

根据淮北涡河流域的特点,本文以小麦—玉米一年两熟制建立光合作用、温度、水分和土壤条件对自然生产潜力影响的动态分室模型,再用阶乘模型将它们综合为农业自然生产潜力模型,并将模型计算值与实际生产情况对比分析。模型的输出结果综合反映了该区自然资源对农业生产的影响。由模型分析出影响本区农业自然生产力的当前限制因子是土壤养分,长远限制因子是土壤有机质和水分,为分阶段区域治理提供了依据。在土壤完全改良后,淮北平原的农业生产可跃上年平均亩产900kg的新水平。     

A 60-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chenghai, China

Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (P_o), inorganic phosphorus (P_i) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N) in a ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.     

应用ARID CROP模型对中国黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力的数值模拟研究

应用ＡＲＩＤＣＲＯＰ模型对黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力进行了数值模拟研究，给出了该地区冬小麦气候生产力Ｙｑ分布图，继而研究了水分保持最适状况时的光温生产力Ｙｗ分布状况，在此基础上给出了水分增产力Ｑ（Ｑ＝（Ｙｗ－Ｙｑ）／Ｙｑ）分布图。研究表明，黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力变幅在３７５０～９７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２之间，总的趋势北低南高，黑龙港地区出现了一个３７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的低值区。水分是黄淮海北部地区冬小麦气候生产力的一个重要限制因子，当水分完全适宜时，南部淮河流域冬小麦气候生产力仅可提高５％～１０％，而黄淮海北部地区气候生产力则可提高７５％～１００％。用黄淮海地区冬小麦高产记录与生产力模拟值进行了对比分析，表明用ＡＲＩＤＣＲＯＰ模型对该地区冬小麦气候生产力进行研究是可行的，该研究为引黄灌溉提供了一定的理论依据。     

1901—2017年藏西南高原气候及其生产潜力时空变化

研究全球变暖背景下藏西南高原气候及气候生产潜力时空分布,对该区农牧业发展、生态保护和可持续发展等具有重要意义。基于1901—2017年的中国气象再分析数据,利用Miami和Thornthwaite Memorial模型对近117年藏西南高原气候变化、气候生产潜力的时空分布及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：近117年来藏西南高原年均温呈上升趋势,年均降水量呈下降趋势,并存在明显周期和突变点;温度生产潜力呈增加趋势,空间上自东南向西北递减;降水、蒸散和标准生产潜力呈减小趋势,呈现自南向北递减的空间分布特征;标准生产潜力由降水和温度共同决定,降水是主要限制因子。未来气候若持续“暖干化”变化,将导致藏西南高原气候生产潜力下降。为促进畜牧业发展和生态环境的改善,未来应进一步推进退牧还草、人工种草、舍饲养殖等工程,并选用耐寒耐旱高产草种,提高牧草产量,实现草畜平衡,以推动传统畜牧业向现代牧业转变,实现草原生态保护和可持续发展。     

大亚湾初级生产力人工神经网络预测模型研究

针对海湾初级生产力估算与预测难题,结合大亚湾近20 a的调查资料,基于MATLAB语言编程,将NH_4-N、NO_-N、NO_2-N、PO_4-P、SiO_3-Si、N/P作为输入,叶绿素a作为输出,建立大亚湾初级生产力的人工神经网络预测模型,并进行检验,其模拟值的平均相对误差0.932%;同时应用多元回归方法进行拟合预测,其拟合结果的平均相对误差为38.970%.研究结果表明,人工神经网络方法优于传统的统计学模型,具有较好的预测能力和实用性,可进行海湾初级生产力动态的预测估算,并具有较高的精度.