Multiscale Methodological Framework to Derive Criteria and Indicators for Sustainability Evaluation of Peasant Natural Resource Management Systems

Design and implementation of more sustainable natural resource management systems is the current objective of many research institutions, development agencies, NGOs and other stakeholders. But, how to assess whether a system is sustainable? How do we know whether the alternatives designed will increase the sustainability of the system? How to evaluate or assess the sustainability of natural resource management systems?In this paper we present a multiscale methodological framework for sustainability evaluation. The framework is based on a systems approach from which five general attributes of sustainable natural resource management systems are defined based on scale- and discipline-independent properties (productivity, stability, resilience, reliability and adaptability).A general operational strategy to derive ‘site-specific’ criteria and indicators for the attributes at different scales is also presented. This strategy is based on the definition of ‘impact scales’, at which the different stakeholders can or want to design alternatives, as well as the main stakeholders’ objectives and constraints. The application of the multiscale framework is illustrated with a case study in the Purhepecha Region of Michoacán, a peasant mountainous region in the west of Mexico. We used stakeholder consultation to identify the main objectives and constraints as well as to select criteria and indicators. The sets of criteria and indicators suggested for the different scales of analysis of the Purhepecha Region are comprehensive, yet not exhaustive, and represent the main issues related to natural resource management in the region. Further work will be directed towards the quantification of indicators at different scales and their relationships and trade-offs.     

Energy analysis of nonmarket values of the Mississippi Delta

An energy analysis was used to estimate nonmarket values under various land cover scenarios in the Mississippi Delta. Land loss since 1900 has led to a decline in nonmarket values from $3.1 billion/year in 1900 to $2.5 billion in 1990, resulting in a total loss of $29.4 billion. This loss is concentrated in the Barataria-Terrebonne basins, where nonmarket value has dropped from $1.6 billion/year in 1956 to $1.3 billion/year in 1988. Although values are projected to increase in the Atchafalaya basin (from $723 million/year in 1988 to $756 million/year in 2058), total nonmarket value for the Louisiana coast is projected to decrease to $2.1 billion/year under currently approved levels of restoration.     

ESTIMATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS USING FREE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A one-dimensional model for heat and oxygen transport is frequently used for the estimation of primary productivity. Such a model employs free oxygen and temperature measurements at discrete time and depth intervals. In this method the eddy diffusion coefficients of heat and oxygen are assumed to be interchangeable. This method was applied to hourly data for 24-hour periods in a small temperature stratified lake. Primary productivity was simultaneously measured with the light and dark bottle method. The application of the free oxygen method resulted in unrealistic estimates of productivity. Some consideration is given to the origin of the failure in the application of this method.     

可重组制造系统降级运作的可靠性分析

作为一种全新的制造系统类型,笔者对可重组制造系统的一种降级运作模式进行系统整体性能和可靠性的分析与研究。针对可重组制造系统中可能存在非关键设备失效的情况,在选取系统中存在单台关键设备的条件下,建立可重组制造系统在一定时期内降级运作的有效性模型。应用马尔可夫可靠性模型对系统不同的运行状态推导出转换方程,对系统的生产率和有效性两大指标进行计算和分析。通过对系统正常状态和降级状态的有效度和生产率的比较,得出了系统存在降级运行模式时,比系统全部由关键设备组合的运行模式具有更高的生产率和有效度,并在一定条件下,系统有效度比生产率增加更快的两大结论。     

Wastewater effects on a waterhyacinth marsh and adjacent impoundment

A waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) marsh occupying two-thirds of the basin of a small Florida impoundment has received sewage effluent for nearly 20 years. Water from the marsh flows into an area that is maintained free of waterhyacinths, and is discharged through wells at the far end of the impoundment. A water budget for the basin was estimated, and phosphorus concentrations were measured monthly at three stations in the marsh and at the discharge wells in the lake. Productivity levels were measured monthly where the marsh joins the lake and at the discharge wells. Only 16% of the phosphorus that enters the basin is stored. Gross primary productivity levels in the open-water areas are very high (22 gO₂m²day), but high respiration rates appear to keep the lake in steady-state.     

基于MODIS NPP的2006—2015年三江源区产草量时空变化研究

草地既是高原地区重要的生态屏障,也是维系当地人民生产生活的自然资源,准确估算本区域的产草量,可为区域资源开发利用、社会经济可持续发展决策提供科学参考。论文基于MODIS遥感影像获得不同分辨率的NDVI、EVI和NPP产品,结合三江源区监测点的产草量地面实测数据,利用统计分析方法分别建立多种产草量遥感估算模型。利用择优选取的估产模型进行区域适用性评价和模型反演,研究三江源区产草量在2006—2015年的时空分布情况。研究结果表明,基于MOD17A2H NPP的一元线性模型的估算精度相对较高,三江源区的产草量（单产）呈东多西少、自东南向西北逐渐减少的空间分布特点。2006—2013年的产草量（总量）整体呈上升趋势,2013年的产草量（总量）达到3 869.43×10⁴ t,产草量（总量）自2014年开始降低,2015产草量（总量）为2 069.07×10⁴ t。     

遥感技术与陆地生态系统碳循环研究

在人类社会日益关注全球环境问题的今天,大气中CO2和CH4等温室气体浓度升高诱发的全球气候变化已成为可持续发展的最严峻挑战。因此,针对各个陆地生态系统的碳循环研究成为气候变化和区域发展研究的重点和关键。陆地生态系统中土地利用方式、植被种类等的变化,通过时间和空间的尺度来影响着全球碳循环,而遥感技术具有宏观、速度快、周期短、信息量大、多时相等特点,因此在植被覆盖和土地利用分类、碳循环遥感模型等方面都有着重要的应用。     

不同覆土厚度的煤矸石充填复垦区土壤生产力评价

以淮南矿区新庄孜煤矿采煤塌陷区土地复垦区为研究对象,调查了不同覆土厚度的煤矸石充填复垦区土壤生产力状况,发现在以煤矸石充填为基底,上覆不同表土厚度的区域土壤生产能力差异较大,其中覆土较厚的地块小麦产量达到5 770 kg/hm2,覆土较薄的地块只有4 736 kg/hm2。运用了复垦土壤生产力指数的修正模型（MPI）对不同覆土厚度的复垦地块生产力进行评价。结果表明,覆土75 cm和90 cm的地块的水解性氮和速效钾的适应性接近于对照地块,速效磷和有机质的适应性稍微偏低,生产力水平接近于对照地块;覆土40 cm和60 cm的地块土壤的养分普遍偏低,限制了农作物的生长;通过对评价结果的误差分析显示,本次评价的最小误差为1.65%,最大误差为4.33%,运用MPI模型对煤矸石复垦土壤生产力的评价具有较高的精确度。     

江苏省土地承载力研究

本文以江苏省土地资源可承载的人口规模和经济规模为出发点,从可支撑的经济规模的三产业总和,即理论需求的农用地能够支撑的农业增加值,在满足理论农用地需求面积前提下区域可开发利用的最大工业用地支撑的工业增加值,以及建筑业和第三产业的经济规模,对江苏省土地承载力进行了研究,以为城市规划和发展提供依据。     

海草生产力研究进展

海草是生活在热带和温带海域浅水中的单子叶植物,具有较高的生产力,在全球的C、N、P循环中发挥着重要作用.作者对国内外海草生产力的研究进展和研究方法进行了综述,并分析了海草生产力的影响因素.海草地上部分生产力主要采用改进的Zieman标记法(如针孔法),地下部分采用末端标记法.影响海草生产力的因素包括海草种类、光照、无机...