美国安全工程师的专业范围与职责

美国安全工程师协会（ASSE）于1911年10月14日在纽约成立,其前身是联邦伤亡事故调查委员会.ASSE在近百年的发展过程中,为美国政府制定职业安全和健康标准和法律提供了重要的依据,并且积极促进政府活动的开展,对美国职业安全卫生局的机构改革提出良好的建议.1996年ASSE机构重组,重新明确安全工程师的职责范围是保护人们的生命、财产和环境不遭破坏.本文对美国安全工程师协会的发展史、安全工程师的专业范围及职责做了简要介绍.     

基于频率下降率的结构损伤自适应神经网络识别

笔者探讨了动量系数和学习率自适应调整的神经网络算法及结构裂纹损伤识别特征参数的选取,提出以反映结构损伤位置和程度的频率下降率作为结构裂纹损伤识别的特征参数,利用有限元网格细化法对结构裂纹损伤进行数值模拟,获取训练样本数据,通过自适应神经网络对结构裂纹损伤问题进行识别研究。从结构裂纹损伤识别实例的结果中可以看出,采用频率下降率和自适应神经网络技术对结构裂纹进行损伤识别分析具有较高的精度和可靠性。     

A FAST RECURSIVE GIS ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING STRAHLER STREAM ORDER IN BRAIDED AND NONBRAIDED NETWORKS1

ABSTRACT: Stream ordering is a useful property of every river network, having a wide range of applications. A method for determining stream orders that quickly and easily addresses various network topologies and magnitudes is therefore needed. This paper introduces a general recursive stream ordering framework for vector hydrography. It also presents a linear, O(n), stream ordering procedure for braided river networks, which is a major improvement to the existing quadratic, O(n²), procedure. The discussion includes results and interpretations, and the appendices present procedure pseudocodes and thorough line by line explanations.     

Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: determinants and coordination challenges

This paper reviews the factors influencing the development and sustained operation of regional industrial symbiosis (IS) networks and discusses the roles a coordination body can play to alter these factors so as to catalyse the development and functioning of such networks. These are analysed within the context of experiences gained in the early stages of three regional IS programmes under development in the UK, and of the recently launched national IS programme (NISP) that they are part of. It is stated that the policy framework in the UK has elements supportive of such networks to evolve, and the regional public bodies are favouring their development. Based on differences among studied cases, it is argued that the nature of companies’ operations and industrial history in the regions, the extent of peer pressure, the positioning of the coordinating body in the region, and its approach to awareness raising and recruitment have major influence on the progress of the programmes. Finally, the paper emphasises the importance of aligning the characteristics of emerging operations with the longer-term sustainability requirements. If accepted, this challenge assigns additional responsibilities to the coordinating parties.     

Estimating the risk of insect species invasion: Kohonen self-organising maps versus k-means clustering

Previous work on the estimation of the invasiveness of insect pest species used a single Kohonen self-organising map (SOM) to quantify the invasion potential of each member of a set of species in relation to a particular geographic region. In this paper that method is critically compared to an alternative approach of calculating the invasive potential of insect pest species as an outcome of clustering of regional species assemblages. Data clustering was performed using SOM and k-means optimisation clustering and multiple trials were performed with each algorithm. The outcomes of these two approaches were evaluated and compared to the previously published results obtained from a single SOM. The results show firstly, due to the inherent variation between trials of the algorithms used, that multiple trials are necessary to determine reliable risk ratings, and secondly, that k-means clustering can be considered a more appropriate algorithm for this particular application, as it produces clusters of higher quality, as determined by objective cluster measures, and is far more computationally efficient than SOM.     

安全工程本科与研究生专业课创新教学中的对比分析与研究

从创新教育的基本理念出发,通过对安全工程专业本科与研究生专业课程的创新教学进行对比分析与研究认为:应对在安全工程专业课程教学中实施创新教育的必要性及可行性进行研究;根据安全工程专业学士和硕士的不同就业特点,结合笔者多年为本科生和研究生开设《防火与防爆》课程的教学实践,必须从激发学生创新意识、培养创新思维、提高创新能力等方面对专业课程教学进行改革和创新,并在教学内容和教学方式上应该有所侧重;实践表明在本科与研究生专业课教学中既要实施创新教育,在教学方式上又要有所不同,才能为社会培养不同层次的更多的优秀安全工程专业人才。     

无线传感器网络(WSNs)路由安全问题的现状与对策研究

笔者对比分析了无线传感器网络(WSNs)安全体系结构的组成;讨论了限制无线传感器网络安全的各种因素以及安全评估的目标;在分析现有路由协议的基础上,从路由安全的攻防角度入手,详细阐述了现有各种路由攻击手段的原理、特点及危害,并给出了相应的攻击示意框图;有针对性地提出一些相应的安全防范对策,为WSNs安全路由的设计与实现提供了一些思路。     

基于故障树与贝叶斯网络的钻井井塌事故的定量分析

井塌事故在钻井过程极其常见,由于钻井液、井身结构等设计不合理,以及钻井过程的误操作均会造成井塌的发生,其后果主要是造成卡钻、卡套管等事故,严重时造成井眼毁坏。为了对井塌事故进行危险性分析,采用贝叶斯网络与故障树相结合的方法,避免传统故障树方法的局限性。首先对井塌事故的所有危险因素进行辨识建立故障树,然后将故障树转化为贝叶斯网络,建立条件概率表,运用贝叶斯网络的推理能力对井塌事故进行危险性分析。对井塌事故各基本事件概率分布的计算分析结果表明,考虑事件的多态性,综合利用故障树分析法和贝叶斯网络法能有效提高井塌事故分析的有效性,推算出井塌事故概率分布更为准确。     

With a little help from my colleagues: A social embeddedness approach to perceived organizational support

We examined the role of social embeddedness in creating positive perceptions of organizational support among managerial and staff employees (n = 72) of a large manufacturing firm. We operationalized social embeddedness as the size, density, and quality of employees' networks of multiplex, reciprocated exchange relationships with colleagues. After controlling for support from supervisors and upper management, we found all three aspects of social embeddedness to be associated with perceived organizational support (POS). This research suggests that in addition to the top‐down influence of the organizational hierarchy, POS results from the organizational community within which employees are embedded through their social network in the workplace. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.