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91.
Bea Merckx Peter Goethals Maaike Steyaert Ann Vanreusel Magda Vincx Jan Vanaverbeke 《Ecological modelling》2009
In this paper, we investigated: (1) the predictability of different aspects of biodiversity, (2) the effect of spatial autocorrelation on the predictability and (3) the environmental variables affecting the biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes on the Belgian Continental Shelf. An extensive historical database of free-living marine nematodes was employed to model different aspects of biodiversity: species richness, evenness, and taxonomic diversity. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), often considered as “black boxes”, were applied as a modeling tool. Three methods were used to reveal these “black boxes” and to identify the contributions of each environmental variable to the diversity indices. Since spatial autocorrelation is known to introduce bias in spatial analyses, Moran's I was used to test the spatial dependency of the diversity indices and the residuals of the model. The best predictions were made for evenness. Although species richness was quite accurately predicted as well, the residuals indicated a lack of performance of the model. Pure taxonomic diversity shows high spatial variability and is difficult to model. The biodiversity indices show a strong spatial dependency, opposed to the residuals of the models, indicating that the environmental variables explain the spatial variability of the diversity indices adequately. The most important environmental variables structuring evenness are clay and sand fraction, and the minimum annual total suspended matter. Species richness is also affected by the intensity of sand extraction and the amount of gravel of the sea bed. 相似文献
92.
Network structure and parasite transmission in a group living lizard,the gidgee skink, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Egernia stokesii</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Stephanie S. Godfrey C. Michael Bull Richard James Kris Murray 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(7):1045-1056
Gidgee skinks (Egernia stokesii) form large social aggregations in rocky outcrops across the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. Group members share refuges
(rock crevices), which may promote parasite transmission. We measured connectivity of individuals in networks constructed
from patterns of common crevice use and observed patterns of parasitism by three blood parasites (Hemolivia, Schellackia and Plasmodium) and an ectoparasitic tick (Amblyomma vikirri). Data came from a 1-year mark-recapture study of four populations. Transmission networks were constructed to represent possible
transmission pathways among lizards. Two lizards that used the same refuge within an estimated transmission period were considered
connected in the transmission network. An edge was placed between them, directed towards the individual that occupied the
crevice last. Social networks, a sub-set of same-day only associations, were small and highly fragmented compared with transmission
networks, suggesting that non-synchronous crevice use leads to more transmission opportunities than direct social association.
In transmission networks, lizards infested by ticks were connected to more other tick-infested lizards than uninfected lizards.
Lizards infected by ticks and carrying multiple blood parasite infections were in more connected positions in the network
than lizards without ticks or with one or no blood parasites. Our findings suggest higher levels of network connectivity may
increase the risk of becoming infected or that parasites influence lizard behaviour and consequently their position in the
network.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and
R. James). 相似文献
93.
人工湿地系统对污水的处理效果好,工艺简单,投资运行费用低,但影响其出水水质的因素很多,并且往往是非线性的,因此目前很难将这些影响因素模型化并用于水质预测. 已有的预测方法不是过于复杂就是预测精度不高. 神经网络是一种具有较强预测能力的新方法,适用于各种非线性模型的预测. 在小试研究的基础上,使用3种不同的、经过训练的小波神经网络,对芦苇潜流人工湿地沿程各采样口的水温,ρ(DO),pH,Eh和ρ(CODCr)等水质指标进行了预测. 结果显示,各指标的平均相对误差分别为:水温≤4.21%,pH≤1.36%,ρ(DO)≤9.77%,Eh≤6.50%,ρ(CODCr)≤17.76%,表明小波神经网络模型适用于人工湿地模型的预测. 相似文献
94.
In this study we analyzed and modelled spatial distribution of hard bottom benthic communities in the Lagoon of Venice, and used the model to derive functional response of these communities to changing environmental conditions. 相似文献
95.
Analysis of the relationship between ambient levels of O3, NO2 and NO as a function of NOx in the UK
Monitoring data from the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network are used to investigate the relationships between ambient levels of ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as a function of NOx, for levels ranging from those typical of UK rural sites to those observed at polluted urban kerbside sites. Particular emphasis is placed on establishing how the level of ‘oxidant’, OX (taken to be the sum of O3 and NO2) varies with the level of NOx, and therefore to gain some insight into the atmospheric sources of OX, particularly at polluted urban locations. The analyses indicate that the level of OX at a given location is made up of NOx-independent and NOx-dependent contributions. The former is effectively a regional contribution which equates to the regional background O3 level, whereas the latter is effectively a local contribution which correlates with the level of primary pollution. The local oxidant source has probable contributions from (i) direct NO2 emissions, (ii) the thermal reaction of NO with O2 at high NOx, and (iii) common-source emission of species which promote NO to NO2 conversion. The final category may include nitrous acid (HONO), which appears to be emitted directly in vehicle exhaust, and is potentially photolysed to generate HOx radicals on a short timescale throughout the year at southern UK latitudes. The analyses also show that the local oxidant source has significant site-to-site variations, and possible reasons for these variations are discussed. Relationships between OX and NOx, based on annual mean data, and fitted functions describing the relative contributions to OX made by NO2 and O3, are used to define expressions which describe the likely variation of annual mean NO2 as a function of NOx at 14 urban and suburban sites, and which can take account of possible changes in the regional background of O3. 相似文献
96.
97.
CHI Yong WEN Jun-ming ZHANG Dong-ping YAN Jian-hu NI Ming-jiang CEN Ke-fa 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2005,17(4):699-704
IntroductionWiththedepletionofspaceforlandfillingofmunicipalsolidwasteandtherisingpricesforrawmaterials ,moreandmorefluidizedbedincineratorshavebeenusedtotreatMSWduetotheprimaryadvantagesofhygieniccontrol,volumereductionandenergyrecovery .BecausetheMSWhas… 相似文献
98.
为辨识北京市大气污染物变化规律相同的区域,筛选监测网络中表征冗余信息的监测点,使用正矩阵因子分解法分别对北京市PM10和SO2监测网络进行分析与评价.分析获得北京市PM10和SO2明显的季节变化特征:PM10浓度春季最高,夏季较低;SO2浓度冬季最高,夏季较低.采用正矩阵分解法对PM10监测网络解析出3个因子,对应北京市PM10污染变化特征相同的3个区域,分别为区域1代表监测点为车公庄与石景山古城,区域2代表监测点为位于城东的前门、天坛、农展馆与奥体中心,区域3代表监测点定陵.结果表明区域2监测点密度较大,存在表征冗余信息的监测点,可以考虑撤销或迁移部分监测点.对SO2监测网络解析出6个因子,分别对应北京市SO2污染变化特征相同的6个区域,代表监测点位分别为定陵、古城、东四、奥体中心、农展馆与天坛和前门与车公庄.评价结果表明北京市PM10和SO2监测网络都存在冗余信息的监测点,可以根据分区结果考虑撤销或者迁移部分监测点,优化监测网络. 相似文献
99.
100.
We conducted case studies of three successful examples of collaborative, community-based natural resource conservation and development. Our purpose was to: (1) identify the functions served by interactions within the social networks of involved stakeholders; (2) describe key structural properties of these social networks; and (3) determine how these structural properties varied when the networks were serving different functions. The case studies relied on semi-structured, in-depth interviews of 8 to 11 key stakeholders at each site who had played a significant role in the collaborative projects. Interview questions focused on the roles played by key stakeholders and the functions of interactions between them. Interactions allowed the exchange of ideas, provided access to funding, and enabled some stakeholders to influence others. The exchange of ideas involved the largest number of stakeholders, the highest percentage of local stakeholders, and the highest density of interactions. Our findings demonstrated the value of tailoring strategies for involving stakeholders to meet different needs during a collaborative, community-based natural resource management project. Widespread involvement of local stakeholders may be most appropriate when ideas for a project are being developed. During efforts to exert influence to secure project approvals or funding, however, involving specific individuals with political connections or influence on possible sources of funds may be critical. Our findings are consistent with past work that has postulated that social networks may require specific characteristics to meet different needs in community-based environmental management. 相似文献