澳门建造业职业安全健康管理

近年来,澳门积极发展多项大型工程项目,包括轻轨工程、港珠澳大桥澳门段和政府公共房屋,以及未来新城填海计划和参与横琴开发项目等,需要大量的人力资源投入、复杂施工与技术要求以及职业安全健康管理的全面配合,对各项工程的安全与技术上的挑战,为迎接本澳第二个建筑兴旺期做好准备。而澳门如何通过以上项目发挥区域合作模式,提升澳门地区的职业安全健康文化,值得深思。劳工事务局近年分别向本澳建造业推出"承造商的建筑工程职业安全健康评分制度"与"建造业安全施工奖励计划",透过以承造商职业安全健康表现作评分和奖励模式,双管齐下鼓励建筑业重视和积极推动职业安全健康,并主动自发做好职业安全健康管理。本文主要介绍政府以评分与奖励双向推动模式,对本澳承造商发展职业安全健康的积极作用,分析两者近年推行的成效,以客观、全面和深入的角度评鉴承造商在职业安全健康方面的工作表现,从中了解、探讨和研究出更切合本澳业界发展和需要的职业安全健康管理系统,从而提升建造业的安全文化。     

薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊缝超声波探伤方法

本文通过对超声波应用于薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊接接头的研究和试验,开发了薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊接接头超声检测和质量分级方法。试块试验和现场实物检测试验表明,对板厚为51Omm的在用压力容器奥氏体不锈钢对接焊缝及母材,辅以超声波探伤,可以及时发现奥氏体不锈钢容器在对接焊缝、封头扳边。支座角焊缝母材等处存在各种形式的裂纹或缺陷,避免出现容器的失效事故。     

医用防护口罩测试装置的对比研究

结合医用防护口罩实际使用工况,设计了两种针对环境气溶胶过滤性能的测试方法与装置.采集部分常用的防护口罩,分别采用TSI CERTITEST Models 8130型自动过滤测试仪及本文研发的测试装置DHU-Ⅰ平板型口罩性能测试台和DHU-Ⅱ实况型口罩性能测试台进行测试.对结果进行对比分析发现,DHU-Ⅰ平板型口罩性能测试台和8130型自动过滤测试仪测定结果比较接近,能够反映出防护口罩在环境大气中使用的情况;而DHU-Ⅱ实况型口罩性能测试台相对前两者而言,在吸气阻力基本不变的情况下,测得过滤效率降低近40%,结果更接近实际工况.     

广西龙布排泥库地下水多元示踪试验研究

以具有复杂水文地质背景的广西平果铝业公司龙布排泥库为研究区．采用钼酸铵、萤光素钠和氯化锌三种试剂．综合考虑各种水文地质条件和其它影响因素．在测区48km^2范围内,布置投放点3个．接收点19个,进行地下水多元示踪试验,为该尾矿库的设计与建设提供必要的水文地质依据,分析库内与库外的地下水水力联系情况,尤其库内与布见水库的水力联系情况,并计算地下水流速,确定地下水流向的主导方向,对于评价该尾矿库对布见水库水源的污染情况具有重要意义。     

Field-Based Evaluation Tool for Riparian Buffer Zones in Agricultural Catchments

Riparian buffer zones can improve water quality and enhance habitat, but a comprehensive yet rapid method that can assist the resource manager in assessing the effectiveness of buffers is not available. The aim of this paper is to describe and illustrate the use of a newly developed field-based evaluation tool for riparian buffer zones in agricultural catchments. The Buffer Zone Inventory and Evaluation Form (BZIEF) incorporates criteria-based scoring systems developed from literature review, subsequent peer-review, and then a pilot field study. Use of the BZIEF is demonstrated by comparing buffer zones in three catchments established for water quality and habitat improvement under the Water Fringe Option agrienvironment scheme in England in order to assess whether the buffers were likely to provide environmental enhancement. Results among the three catchments were generally similar; buffer zones scored highly for their abundant vegetation cover, lack of erosion, stream habitat quality, and sufficient width. Furthermore, previous grassland or arable land use did not substantially affect buffer zone ratings. However, the BZIEF indicated that inappropriate soil characteristics in one catchment were likely to constrain buffer zone effectiveness for improving water quality. In another catchment, poor riparian vegetation diversity and structure may yield ineffective habitat enhancement, according to the BZIEF. It was concluded that the BZIEF might be a useful tool for buffer zone comparison and monitoring, even though more work is needed to test and validate the method. For example, the BZIEF could be used to target appropriate locations for buffer zones and is flexible, so could be adapted for different policies, objectives and regions.     

我国安全工程本科专业培养方案之比较分析

基于比较的视角对我国安全工程本科专业的培养方案从培养目标、培养模式、课程结构3个方面进行分析,发现其中存在的问题有:专业设置单一,涉及面窄;培养目标雷同,难以凸显办学特色;课程离散性大,人本位课程缺失;开设院校单一,集中在工程类院校。提出改进和完善培养方案的建议:在涉及安全问题较多的领域设置安全专业,设置更多的安全类本科专业;培养目标要多元化,以满足不同行业、领域对安全科技人才的需求;规范安全工程本科专业,降低课程的离散度;加强安全思维与意识训练等人本位课程的开设,真正实现安全问题的核心是人的安全,主张培养综合能力型(通用型)的安全科技人才;在综合性高校开设安全类专业、安全类课程、安全类选修课程。     

Can we optimize biomonitoring?

Biomonitoring is an element of environmental management that must become more sophisticated to meet the demands of legislation and public concern for environmental safety. Data collection and analysis techniques must improve if environmental scientists are to take full advantage of the information content of field and laboratory biomonitoring efforts. Issues associated with biomonitoring, which we address, include test system selection and the data characteristics of various biomonitoring techniques. We identify optimization as a possible approach to resolving conflicts between legal defensibility, scientific accuracy, and the requirements of environmental managers.     

WASTE INJECTION: TESTING FOR MECHANICAL INTEGRITY1

ABSTRACT: Results of computer calculations are presented which predict the pressure response of a closed casing annulus of an injection well to temperature and pressure variations of the injected waste stream. For example, a 3000 ft. disposal well receiving fluid at 100d̀F might cause an increase in annular pressure of some 500 psi. Graphs summarizing these results are included. The results will be of interest to waste injection well operators, inasmuch as they are required to monitor annulus pressure to prove mechanical integrity of their injection wells.     

FLOOD EVENT MODELING - A STUDY OF TWO METHODS1

: Despite the advances in catchment modeling in recent years, engineers still face major problems in estimating flood flows. Application of unit hydrograph and runoff routing models to five United Kingdom catchments shows that either can be tuned to predict, on a test event, the routing effects of a catchment with equal accuracy. The larger remaining problem is the prediction of losses from rainfall and this study shows how alternative ways of describing the within event distribution of these losses can be an important factor controlling the success of the overall model. Other problems include the risks of extrapolation to larger events, baseflow separation methods, rainfall patterns, and inevitable errors in the data.     

Hot extrusion process modeling using a coupled upper bound-finite element method

A thermo-mechanical model has been developed for modeling of hot extrusion processes. Accordingly, an admissible velocity field was first proposed by means of stream function method and then, extrusion pressure as well as temperature variations within the metal and the die were predicted employing a combined upper bound and Petrov–Galerkin finite element analysis. In order to evaluate the model predictions, hot extrusion of AA6061-10%SiC_p was considered under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions and the predicted force–displacement diagrams under various extrusion conditions were compared with the experimental ones and reasonable consistency was found between the two sets of results.