基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

Evaluating multi-stakeholder perceptions of project impacts: a participatory value-based multi-criteria approach

This paper describes a participatory multi-stakeholder impact assessment approach based on the concept of a value tree (VT), generated using the value focused thinking method (VFT) developed by Keeney (1992 Keeney, R. 1992. Value-focused thinking, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  [Google Scholar]). This approach allows stakeholders to specify impact parameters to be evaluated, which in the context of the VT, are organized as goals, objectives and alternatives. The approach is implemented in two phases: Phase I is designed to formulate stakeholders' collective VT following VFT concepts and the cognitive mapping method, and Phase II is a participatory valuation approach based on the VT formed in Phase I. The VT and the VFT concepts are adopted as tools to capture different stakeholders' values, goals and perceptions. The resulting VT is structured as a hierarchy between goals and objectives, and a network consisting of relationships, linkages and cross-impacts of the different alternatives and objectives. The hierarchy and network structure enables stakeholders to decompose complex assessment problem into ‘smaller’ units, which makes for easier and clearer assessment context, without ignoring linkages of the units or assessment elements. The second phase allows stakeholders to express their preferences with respect to each assessment element, through a voting system that ultimately leads to measures of importance or relative weights associated with each element. A modified Analytic Hierarchy Process (called Analytic Network Process) was used to distill relative weights from the voting results. Results obtained from a case study in a Zimbabwean community forest show that the proposed approach is easy to implement and can address questions about whether a project can lead to a positive change in attitudes, and whether the changes actually lead to a propensity to adopt alternatives that the project supports (e.g. conservation-oriented alternatives).     

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

掘进工作面复杂环境因素与人因伤亡事故的关联度分析

为探究煤矿掘进工作面的温度、湿度、噪声、照度、粉尘等环境因素对人因伤亡事故发生的影响,进一步明确不同类型的人因伤亡事故与各环境因素之间的关系,针对人因伤亡事故的发生与各环境因素之间不具有确定的线性关系,而是具有灰色系统的特点,运用灰色关联分析方法建立了不同类型人因伤亡事故与环境因素之间的灰色关系模型,分析了掘进工作面不同类型的人因伤亡事故与各环境因素之间关联程度的大小。结果表明,在煤矿掘进工作面的温度、湿度、噪声、照度、粉尘5个环境因素中,温度是影响掘进工作面人因伤亡事故的最主要因素,其次是光照,再次是温度。     

引黄济青调水沿程氮污染物的迁移转化研究

2011年4—6月在引黄济青工程输水沿程11个采样点进行4次取样,分析氮污染物的迁移转化。结果表明,总氮在沿程呈下降的趋势,但不同月份存在差别;硝酸盐氮是氮污染物的主要存在形式,与总氮呈正相关;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度较低,沿程有一定波动,但变化较小。沉砂池对硝酸盐氮有一定的去除作用,但对总氮的作用在不同月份存在差异。农业面源污染、植物残体分解、泥沙沉积作用、植物同化作用、微生物作用等因素会影响引黄济青沿程氮污染物质量浓度变化。     

高速公路隧道地质超前预报方法比较

由于隧道工程属于隐蔽性工程,工程岩体地质条件复杂多变,为了更好地探明隧道围岩体内的各种缺陷,并预测预报可能引发的隧道地质灾害的不良地质体的位置、规模和性质,为后续工程开挖与支护提供合理的措施,采用相应的地质超前预报是重要且必要的.根据隧道工程界常用的地质超前预报方法,对其使用方法、作用原理及其特点进行对比分析,以便借鉴采用.     

喀斯特伏流河段建库主要工程地质问题

在中小型河流喀斯特伏流河段附近或者直接封堵伏流洞,利用伏流山体做坝建库的工程勘察,是以往水利水电工程勘察工作中少有遇到的。客观上伏流河段的喀斯特和水文地质条件普遍复杂,修建水库所涉及的主要工程地质问题、复杂程度、能否成库与处理代价是人们所关心的。文章结合贵州喀斯特地区数个涉及伏流河段的开发利用工程,探讨了伏流河段水利水电开发可能遇到的主要工程地质问题与工程评价。     

水电工程高危作业风险影响因素的SEM模型

为探索水电工程高危作业的事故致因机理,耦联分析水电工程施工风险管理过程,从"施工企业影响"、"施工安全管理"、"施工人员行为"、"现场作业相关因素"等方面归纳总结水电工程施工事故风险要素及构成体系;在此基础上,通过问卷调查收集基础数据并定义研究变量属性,抽象风险与影响因素关系的概念模型,建立与检验高危作业风险的SEM模型;然后,以修正指数MI为判据,修正和优化SEM模型。研究结果表明:安全管理制度、教育培训、职业健康环境、个人决策能力对水电高危作业风险具有显著影响,是风险监管的重点,同时也启示风险管理者应深入贯彻"以人为本"的理念,加强"顶层制度设计"。     

高职院校基建项目工程造价管理问题初探

工程造价管理,是高职院校基建项目管理的核心.在总结高职院校基建项目工程造价管理的基础上,通过分析项目前期决策阶段、项目设计阶段、项目招投标过程、工程材料价格信息管理及全过程跟踪审计中存在的问题,提出了做好前期决策工作、强化项目设计管理、创新项目承发包措施、强化工程材料的认质定价管理、强化基建项目全过程跟踪审计等加强基建项目工程造价管理的建议.     

生态环境重大工程项目全过程管理体系评价与对策

生态环境重大工程是实施国家中长期规划、具有中国特色的一项制度安排。本研究通过梳理我国重大生态环境工程项目管理现状,包括制度建设、工程标准体系建设、绩效管理体系建设等,结合“十四五”生态环境保护形势和任务要求,分析当前我国在生态环境工程项目管理体系建设上存在的主要问题。在此基础上,构建出我国重大生态环境项目组织管理的框架和路线图,提出“十四五”加强和提升我国重大生态环境保护项目全过程管理的对策与建议。