超声波防治海生物的技术分析与应用

文章阐述了海生物附着生长的机理以及传统海生物防治的方法。针对传统海生物防治方法存在的不足之处,提出超声波防治海生物技术,分析了超声波振动性质和空化效应防治海生物的原理及现场应用情况,并确定出有效防治海生物的超声波频率为22kHz,强度为0.3～0.5 W/cm2;通过现场实际应用,充分证明了超声波能够有效抑制海生物的附着和生长,保护海水管线及相关设备,体现了超声波技术在海生物防治方面具有环保、节能、易于维护等优点。     

基于污染权角度的流域生态补偿模型及应用

生态补偿标准的测算一直是理论界的研究重点,本文对相关文献进行综述,将现有的研究方法划分为费用分析法、机会成本法、支付意愿法和水资源价值法等,分别评述了各种方法的特点、优劣以及在我国流域生态补偿研究应用中的主要结论,在此基础上,基于污染权角度,采用机会成本法和水资源价值法,构建了一个基于计量经济学的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,其核心在于强调了流域上下游居民均有适当的"污染权",即便在上游地区达标排放的前提下,由于下游地区对水质的较高要求,借助行政手段对上游地区采取了较强的环境管制,在缺乏足够生态补偿的情况下,上游地区由于环境管制而放弃了部分"污染权",也即是其为了更高的环境标准而放弃的机会成本,这部分机会成本可以视作下游需要向上游支付的生态补偿金额.以浙江飞云江流域为例,利用该模型测算出下游温州市每年应向上游文成县提供3.24亿元的生态补偿,用于购买文成县为保护温州市"大水缸"所放弃的污染权.     

湘江流域生态补偿系数定量分析

充分考虑生态补偿主体的社会经济发展水平、支付能力、对环境污染的贡献率,科学、公平、合理制定生态补偿标准是推动生态补偿机制实施的关键点之一。本文应用主成分分析法对湘江流域内各市社会经济发展水平、支付能力、环境污染的贡献率进行界定与定量分析,在此基础上形成补偿系数,对统一的补偿标准进行修正,实现补偿标准的科学、客观、公平。     

聚甲醛耐候性研究

研究了自然老化和人工加速老化试验中聚甲醛力学性能的变化规律,考察了人工加速老化与自然老化试验的相关性。结果表明：光、热、水的综合作用是造成聚甲醛力学性能显著下降的主要原因;聚甲醛的断裂伸长率和缺口冲击强度对材料老化十分敏感,老化初期就显著下降;热老化无法模拟自然老化中聚甲醛力学性能变化规律,而试验中紫外灯光老化所采用的试验条件可模拟海拉尔、苍山等自然环境条件下聚甲醛力学性能变化规律,但对海南、广州等具有强日照、高温、高湿、多雨的自然环境模拟效果不好。     

活性炭性质对固定化生物活性炭净水效果的影响研究

对不同种类活性炭进行优势菌种人工固定化,通过相关性分析,研究了活性炭的性能指标对固定化生物活性炭(IBAC)净水效果的影响作用.结果表明:相关系数在0.7以上的活性炭性能指标为糖蜜值、摩擦系数、强度、单宁酸值、平均粒径、有效粒径、均匀系数,相关系数在0.5以上的活性炭性能指标为pH值、碘值、丁烷值、四氯化碳值.进一步的偏相关分析结果表明:对生物炭净水效果影响较大的性能指标为糖蜜值、强度、摩擦系数、均匀系数、平均粒径、有效粒径.产生这种影响的主要原因是以糖蜜值为代表的活性炭孔隙分布,为优势菌种提供栖息场所和调节食物供给;强度和摩擦系数代表了活性炭的耐破损能力,影响优势菌种生物膜的稳定性;活性炭的粒径大小和粒度分布均匀性,直接影响滤床水力剪切力,从而影响优势菌的固定稳定性.     

流域生态补偿法律问题研究

流域生态补偿是指实现流域内环境保护和水资源开发利用中的公正性的一项重要法律制度。在我国这项法律制度主要包括上中下游跨区域调水的生态补偿、上中下游生态环境效益补偿以及下游滞洪区退田还湖的生态补偿等三项主要内容。在我国生态环境建设实践中,上述三项生态补偿内容暴露出较多的问题;这些突出问题严重影响着我国生态环境建设实践,阻滞着流域内可持续发展的实现。进一步加强流域生态补偿法律制度建设是我国流域生态补偿有效实施的关键。     

Biodiversity Offsets: Two New Zealand Case Studies and an Assessment Framework

Biodiversity offsets are increasingly being used for securing biodiversity conservation outcomes as part of sustainable economic development to compensate for the residual unavoidable impacts of projects. Two recent New Zealand examples of biodiversity offsets are reviewed—while both are positive for biodiversity conservation, the process by which they were developed and approved was based more on the precautionary principal than on any formal framework. Based on this review and the broader offset literature, an environmental framework for developing and approving biodiversity offsets, comprising six principles, is outlined: (1) biodiversity offsets should only be used as part of an hierarchy of actions that first seeks to avoid impacts and then minimizes the impacts that do occur; (2) a guarantee is provided that the offset proposed will occur; (3) biodiversity offsets are inappropriate for certain ecosystem (or habitat) types because of their rarity or the presence of threatened species within them; (4) offsets most often involve the creation of new habitat, but can include protection of existing habitat where there is currently no protection; (5) a clear currency is required that allows transparent quantification of values to be lost and gained in order to ensure ecological equivalency between cleared and offset areas; (6) offsets must take into account both the uncertainty involved in obtaining the desired outcome for the offset area and the time-lag that is involved in reaching that point.     

新型絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁的制备和性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、B,制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁（PFASB）。通过实验得到其最佳配比为：n_(B)/n_(Si)=0.16、n_(Fe)/n_(Al)=0.5 、n_(Al+Fe)/n_(Si)=1。对造纸废水和焦化废水进行混凝实验表明,PFASB的除浊、除COD的能力均优于聚合铝、聚合铝铁和聚硅铝铁,而且矾花产生迅速,矾花粗大密实,是一种性能优异的新型高分子絮凝剂。实验还考察了絮凝剂的形貌和结构,结果表明B、铝及其水解产物、铁及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用,形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PFASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, other than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the responsible persons to protect the national interests are also very necessary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include： determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the legal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in accordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.