公共治理与村庄自治视角下农户土地产权认知的形成

农村土地确权登记是国家赋权的重要举措,农户对国家赋权的主观认知则建构了政策实施的重要基础。为辨析不同治理层面国家赋权对农户产权认知的影响特征及其差异性,本文通过理论分析和实证考察相结合的方式,采用引入"国家赋权×农户行为能力"交叉项的Probit模型和Oprobit模型,并利用苏、赣、辽三省2 477户农户的调查数据经验分析了农村土地确权登记在公共治理和村庄自治层面对不同行为能力的农户产权认知的影响。在此基础上,通过求解不同主体行为能力下国家赋权对农户土地产权认知的偏效应,识别了治理层次与主体行为能力的互动特征。研究结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知,且对行为能力较强的农户产权安全感知的激励作用大于行为能力较弱的农户,具有典型的主体"歧视性"。经验结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知;其次,国家赋权在村庄自治层面对直接行为能力较弱农户的产权安全感知的抑制作用大于直接行为能力较强的农户,但在公共治理层面则对直接行为能力和间接行为能力较强农户的产权安全感知均具有更强的正向激励。为此,本文认为政策改革需关注公共治理和村庄自治层面国家赋权的实施差异及避免主体歧视,产权认知领域的研究则需综合考虑国家赋权、社会规范和主体行为能力三个层次的内在关联。     

Post-contentious politics and Iran's first ecovillage

The existing scholarship on alternative institutional designs around environmental issues mostly focuses on ideals, goals and practices of these designs. It remains unclear under which circumstances these initiatives emerge and expand. Moreover, those scholars who address the emergence and expansion of these initiatives focus on examples which are located in advanced industrialised societies. It remains unclear why and how these alternative institutions emerge in non-industrialised societies and countries which have not gone through the same growth path as their advanced industrialised counterparts. Consequently, transformative implication of these initiatives for broader social change in non-advanced industrialised societies has not been explored. In this paper, I show that in Iran the emergence of these alternative designs should be understood within the context of post-contentious politics. I present original research on a cooperative that embraces an alternative lifestyle and whose aim is to create Iran's first ecovillage. This case study discusses one kind of response to the contraction of space for civil society and environmental non governmental organisations in Iran. The paper adds to our understanding of the interplay between democratisation processes and environmental activism.     

食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为影响因素研究——以上海福喜事件为例

食品安全网络舆情是公众参与食品安全监管的重要平台,若不加以科学的监管与引导,极易引发食品安全恐慌心理,甚至危害社会稳定。微博是食品安全网络舆情中重要的自媒体平台,主要通过微博转发行为扩散舆情事件的影响,推动舆情事件的发展。为了深入分析食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为,本文以上海福喜事件为例,在事件发展与关注度分析的基础上,通过采集上海福喜事件的新浪微博数据,并运用多项Logistic回归模型展开分析,探讨网民在食品安全网络舆情中转发行为的特征与主要影响因素。研究结果表明,对于仅有主帖内容的微博(类型Ⅰ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况以及发帖者微博内容的情感倾向、是否有链接、是否有视频对其微博的被转发次数有显著影响;对于转发了他人内容的微博(类型Ⅱ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况、被转发者微博的粉丝数、被转发次数、被转发者微博内容是否有链接对发帖者微博的被转发次数有显著影响;基于上述结论,提出如下政策建议:具有较高粉丝数与微博数的微博用户所发布的微博影响力更大,应进一步加强对该类微博用户的关注,尤其是一些微博"大V";同时,应进一步发挥官方认证微博在舆论引导方面的积极作用;在舆论引导的过程中,可以通过诸如同时发布相关链接、视频等方式,提高微博内容形式的多元化程度,以增强微博的影响力;此外,在发布微博的过程中,客观、公正地表明态度立场,也是提高微博舆论引导作用的重要方面。     

An assessment of public engagement for access management planning in southwestern Alberta,Canada

This paper describes efforts to bridge the gap between the existing research and proposed recreation access management for public lands in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Recreation access management has been identified as a complex problem and public consultation is one element in addressing the complexity. An Internet-based survey (n = 945) examined the acceptability and desirability of public consultation processes to assist with access management planning. Non-parametric tests indicate significant differences in desirability of public consultation types existed for all variables except gender. Respondents expressed the desire for a diversity of public consultation approaches with a strong preference for face-to-face field visits. Mechanisms for engagement in access management planning should be based on public consultation preferences to ensure broad, on going engagement and subsequent user acceptance and compliance.     

南四湖供用水管理机制的完善

南四湖的供用水管理尚存在诸多不完善之处,诸如供用水管理权限不清、用水纠纷、法治建设落后于实际需要、执法难等问题一直困扰着当地经济和社会的发展。采取完善法治、优化现有管理体制、改善行政执法条件等措施,将有利于完善南四湖供用水管理机制,有利于南四湖水资源的管理与利用,促进当地经济和社会的可持续发展。     

The evolution of municipal waste management in Europe: how different are national regimes?

The 1994 European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste allowed a diversity of conceptions of waste management to be developed and tested in various countries. Such a diversity may raise drawbacks related to the achievement of the single market and the European law of competition. The paper describes the main differences in waste management regimes in five countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Greece. This comparative approach allows us, first, to identify four main variables in order to characterize policy regimes, explaining the degree of orientation of waste regimes to cost-effectiveness. Second, we will show that implementation has resulted, in each country, in learning, correction and self-regulation, thus reducing the initial divergences between national regimes. Hence, efficient harmonization of waste management regimes may be achieved unexpectedly in a soft way without passing stringent European directives. Moreover, if policy-makers were to adopt explicitly the option of experimenting with competing organizational and policy concepts, as an approach to European harmonization, it would reveal, by 2004, the cost-effectiveness of alternative solutions at a time when European policy has to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市公共绿地应急避险功能中的人口服务辐射能力的研究——以北京市为例

为推动城市公共绿地应急避险体系建设的发展,根据概括的应急避险功能评价指标体系要求,通过人口密度分布与公共绿地缓冲区的叠加分析,对城市公共绿地的人口服务辐射能力进行了深入研究。结果显示,整个北京规划市区内公共绿地的缓冲区覆盖范围总计为421.96 km2,约占规划市区面积的38%,还存在626.46 km2的服务盲区,盲区所涉及的户籍人口为254.8万。另外,东城区所属的东四、朝阳门和东直门街道办事处,以及宣武区所属的椿树街道办事处所含的公共绿地缓冲区占其行政区面积的比例仅分别为0.04%、21.22%、23.45%、25.61%,存在较大的服务盲区,人口服务辐射能力有待加强。     

环境公益诉讼立法问题研究

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,环境问题日益突出。环境公益诉讼是解决环境问题,保护国家、社会和公众环境权益的基本形式和有效途径,也是最后屏障。从国内一起环境公益诉讼案件出发,借鉴国外特别是美国环境公益诉讼的经验,提出了建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的若干立法建议,旨在探索一条落实科学发展观的环境保护新思路。     

入水角度对球体高速入水空泡特性影响研究

目的 针对球体高速入水过程中空泡的演化过程及运动特性展开研究,为弹体入水或空投鱼雷入水提供理论参考。方法 基于试验与数值模拟,主要讨论入水角度对球体高速入水过程中空泡生成、闭合、溃灭以及运动特性。结果 在球体入水过程中,根据入水空泡的形态特征,可以将入水过程分为入水冲击、空泡形成、空泡闭合和空泡溃灭4个阶段。在入水冲击阶段,球体头部承受的压力最大,且随着入水角度的减小,冲击阶段球体头部压力逐渐减小。在空泡闭合后,空泡的截面面积随着入水角度的增大而减小。在溃灭阶段,由于空泡溃灭夹断,会产生回射流,回射流的强度随着入水角度的减小而减小。在球体入水角度为30°时,溃灭夹断不会产生回射流。此外,球体以不同角度入水时,球体在水下的运动轨迹会发生不同程度的偏离,偏离程度随着入水角度的增大而减小,垂直入水时几乎未发生偏离。结论 入水角度对球体高速入水过程中空泡的演化过程及运动特性有较大影响,入水角度越小,球体入水后空泡截面积越大,总流动阻力系数Cd越大,且球体运动轨迹偏离越严重。     

环境信息公开及在中国的实践

环境信息公开是一种新的环境管理制度，对于提高环境决策的质量和执行，控制污染有着一定的作用。我国已在政府环境信息公开、企业环境信息公开和其它形式环境信息公开进行了一些探索和实践。在实践中，我国存在着环境信息公开法规体系不完善、公开的环境信息不准确、企业及产品的环境信息公开不充分等问题，应在健全环境信息公开的法规体系、加大企业环境信息公开力度、建设公共环境信息系统等方面做进一步的工作。