Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student‐Generated Water Quality Data

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12‐46%), instrumental error (8‐21%), and random error (45‐68%). Overall, student‐generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.     

Comparing Contaminant Removal Costs for Aquifer Recharge with Wastewater with Water Supply Benefits

The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals.     

建设项目环境影响评价公众参与存在 的问题及其对策

公众参与是建设项目环境影响评价工作中的一项重要内容,直接涉及公众环境知情权和参与权,受到广泛关注。在分析当前建设项目环境影响评价公众参与中存在的影响有效性问题的基础上,提出了五个方面的针对性对策。     

旅游型城镇旅游公共服务体系空间分布特征及其优化策略——以南岳镇为例

基于南岳镇旅游公共服务的实地调查,采用GIS空间分析和数据统计方法分析南岳镇旅游公共服务体系构成要素的空间分布特征和优化策略.结果表明,南岳镇旅游公共服务体系在地理空间上呈现“千”字形布局;旅游公共服务体系集聚水平的类型和空间差异明显;旅游公共服务体系空间集聚的时序差异显著;提出应以祝融南路为轴线,建设旅游服务综合体;结合镇区旧城改造,实现旅游服务功能分区;实施旅游信息化工程,提升旅游接待服务体系的优化策略.     

Reduction of Tobacco Smoking Health Risk Through an Appropriate Media Based Communication Strategy in Uganda

Abstract

The health impacts of tobacco consumption are well documented and have gained acceptance worldwide. Today, a substantial, preventable burden of tobacco attributable diseases exists in most countries, though in most of the cases, unknown. Smoking accounts for almost half of the deaths in middle age in some regions. In Uganda, translating findings into policy action is slow and involves several stakeholders. It will continue to require support from tobacco control campaign groups. This paper analyses secondary literature on tobacco smoking and later provides an appropriate medium based communication strategy that can be adopted to counteract the persuasive smoking evil adverts of tobacco companies as well as creating awareness among the population of the health impacts caused by smoking.     

实现林业可持续发展的财政政策取向

林业的可持续发展，既体现了林业生产力发展水平和生态文明社会，又承载着满足社会日益增长的多样化需求，在人与自然和谐发展以及建设环境友好型社会中居于十分重要地位。分类经营是实现林业可持续发展的重要途径。国家应当制定以公共财政为主全社会多渠道投入支持林业建设的财政政策。     

论燃煤过程中的放射性污染

国内煤层中普遍存在的天然放射性核素，通过燃煤产生的烟气、煤灰渣等介质进入空气、土壤和水环境中。公众健康危害评价结果证明燃煤排放的放射性污染物通过吸入途径对人体的总危害危险大于二氧化硫、氨氧化物等一般污染物。鉴于我国近几年火电厂等煤炭消耗量大，并且不断增长的现状，指出对燃煤造成的放射性环境污染应予足够的重视。     

公众可持续发展基本意识评价与分析--以地方21世纪议程南阳试点为例

具备可持续发展基本意识是公众参与可持续发展的前提和基础。采用问卷调查方法和GLM模型。以地方21世纪议程南阳试点为例，基于7765份调查问卷，论述了公众可持续发展基本意识的特点和人群差异。研究发现，公众可持续发展基本意识在年龄、职业、县（市、区）、城乡、收入等方面差异显著，但是在性别、地形方面差异不显著。在不增加消费成本的情况下，公众可持续发展基本意识与公众可持续发展行为取向显著正相关，但是在增加消费成本的情况下，则行为取向滞后。公众可持续发展基本意识评估值整体上较高。但仍有少部分人缺乏最基本的可持续发展知识和观念。     

环境政策边缘化现实与改革方向辨析

本文认为由于中国现行环境政策的设计、执行和实施不能有效纳入到社会经济发展和决策过程的主流。不能从根源上解决环境与发展的矛盾．因而呈规出边缘化特征，表现在环境政策的末端管理特征、尚未建立一体化的政策体系、公平与效率准则未纳入政策设计过程、缺乏综合绩效评估、环境投资总量不足与低效率等。从政策的设计、作用环境、作用对象、作用范围的变化分析了边缘化的产生原因以及所导致的中国环境保护的误区和问题．包括技术、经济．生态、社会效率的分离．环境资源的区域配置低效率、近动式管理以及政策实施效果与政策目标的偏离等。本文提出改变现存问题的突破点在于构建基于环境权益以及全成本的政策体系和管理制度，并分析了需要解决和突破的关键性理论和实践问题。     

城市开发区大气环境影响评价研究--以扬州市经济技术开发区为例

对开发区进行环境影响评价是开发区可持续发展的需要。大气作为环境的重要要素，其状况优劣对开发区的发展及布局都产生较大的影响，因而大气环境影响评价是环境影响评价体系中不可缺少的组成部分。如何进行开发区的大气环境影响评价，国内已取得了不少经验，但仍在探索之中。对城市开发区大气环境影响评价的内容和方法进行了探讨；以扬州市经济技术开发区为例，进行了分析、预测和评价，对环境评价中的公众参与环节进行了有益的探索与尝试；对开发区进行了大气功能区划分，给出了开发区大气主要污染物总量控制方案；最后，针对扬州市经济技术开发区的实情，在产业发展方向、项目规划布局、能源使用、绿化、环境管理以及土地管理等方面提出了环境保护的对策和建议。