抽油机减速箱漏油的危害与现场治理

针对抽油机减速箱漏油的危害及现状,分析了影响抽油机减速箱漏油的主要原因,介绍了现场治理方法及取得的效果.     

输油站场静电危害分析及防范措施

从原油储运中的静电现象入手,就原油的流动状态、电导率、含水率等几个方面分析油站场静电产生原因及危害,通过控制原油流速、防止油与水/空气混合、输油设备、设施接地或跨接等措施,降低静电的危害,确保输油站场安全生产.     

寒冷地区KC-1000大流量TSP采样仪技术改造

在保证KC-1000大流量TSP采样仪各项技术指标稳定的前提下,拆解仪器怕冻组件、改造室内安装方法,解决了采样仪在伊春冬季不能正常使用的难题.     

污水泵站的恶臭评价与治理对策

以天津市某污水泵站为例,运用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算污水泵站恶臭对周围环境的影响及治理对策,得出以下结论:1)类比天津纪庄子污水处理厂、高碑店污水处理厂等污水处理厂的类比调查,根据规模不同进行相应的比例折算出单位面积恶臭污染物产生的源强,然后根据污水泵站的面积计算恶臭源强;2)使用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算无组织排放厂界达标、最大落地浓度和卫生防护距离等;3)经过综合比较,目前泵站除臭采用较多的是等离子体法和生物除臭法。     

呼吸性粉尘个体采样器气流脉动的研究

分析了个体呼吸性粉尘采样器气流脉动的形成原因,以及其对采样性能的影响,提出了解决这一问题的方法。     

Suspended solids within sewers: an experimental study

A precise determination of the pollutant loads processed through the sewer networks is required for legal, environmental and management reasons. Such a determination requires a good evaluation of concentrations, which is not an easy task because samplers or sensors can perform measurements in a cross-sectional area of only a few locations, and this local information must then be extrapolated across the whole cross-sectional area of the sewer network. This latter step is problematical. A great deal of attention must be given to suspended solids because they are prone to settle and display heterogeneous concentration patterns. A two-dimensional sampler has been designed to measure the variation of suspended solids concentration throughout a cross-sectional area. This paper presents the principles upon which the conception of this experimental device was based and the building process. Experimental results are presented and discussed.     

Systematic Biases in Measurement of Urban Nitrogen Dioxide using Passive Diffusion Samplers

Measurement of nitrogen dioxide using passivediffusion tube over 22 months in Cambridge, U.K. areanalysed as a function of sampler exposure time, andcompared with NO₂ concentrations obtained from aco-located chemiluminescence analyser. The averageratios of passive sampler to analyser NO₂ at acity centre site (mean NO₂ concentration 22 ppb)are 1.27 (n = 22), 1.16 (n = 34) and 1.11 (n = 7) forexposures of 1, 2 and 4-weeks, respectively. Modellingthe generation of extra NO₂ arising from chemicalreaction between co-diffusing NO and O₃ in thetube gave a ratio (modelled/measured) of 1.31 for1-week exposures. Such overestimation is greatest whenNO₂ constitutes, on average, about half of totalNO_x (= NO + NO₂) at the monitoring locality.Although 4-week exposures gave concentrations whichwere not significantly different from analyserNO₂, there was no correlation between thedatasets. At both the city-centre site and anothersemi-rural site (mean NO₂ concentration 11 ppb)the average of the aggregate of four consecutive1-week sampler exposures or of two consecutive 2-weeksampler exposures was systematically greater than fora single 4-week exposure.The results indicate two independent and opposingsystematic biases in measurement of NO₂ bypassive diffusion sampler: an exposure-timeindependent chemical overestimation with magnitudedetermined by local relative concentrations of NO andO₃ to NO₂, and an exposure-time dependentreduction in sampling efficiency. The impact of theseand other potential sources of systematic bias on theapplication of passive diffusion tubes for assessingambient concentrations of NO₂ in short (1-week)or long (4-week) exposures are discussed in detail.     

改进抽油机井“功率平衡”测试实现节能降耗

目前在抽油机井管理中普遍采用的平衡标准是"电流平衡",并认定电流平衡度在80%～120%之间时抽油机即为平衡。而真正判断抽油机平衡的标准是"功率平衡",即抽油机运行过程中,下冲程内电机平均功率与上冲程内电机平均功率相等。抽油机功率平衡既能实现节能目的,又能保证抽油机安全运行。从2008年7月开始率先在胜利油田进行抽油机功率平衡技术的试验及推广,2008年共调整抽油机功率平衡118井次,平均单日节电21.4kW.h,平均节电率9.90%,取得了良好的节能效果。     

A Depth‐Proportional Intake Device for Automatic Water Samplers1

Abstract: This paper describes the construction and testing of a device for pumping water samplers that collects suspended sediment samples by moving the intake vertically to keep it at the same proportion of flow depth. The device uses a simple sprocket mechanism that can be mounted vertically on the downstream side of culverts and bridge pilings to protect against damage from floating debris during storms. Suspended sediment samples collected from an urban stream with the depth‐proportional device were compared with manual samples taken with a depth‐integrated sampler. Scatter in the relationship between pumped and manual samples (R² = 0.76) are probably explained by horizontal variability in concentrations, poor mixing associated with lateral sediment inputs from construction site erosion, the downstream orientation of the intake, and the failure of the concentration at 60% of the flow depth to match the average vertical concentration.     

Sampling atmospheric pesticides with SPME: Laboratory developments and field study

To estimate the atmospheric exposure of the greenhouse workers to pesticides, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used under non-equilibrium conditions. Using Fick's law of diffusion, the concentrations of pesticides in the greenhouse can be calculated using pre-determined sampling rates (SRs). Thus the sampling rates (SRs) of two modes of SPME in the lab and in the field were determined and compared. The SRs for six pesticides in the lab were 20.4-48.3 mL min⁻¹ for the exposed fiber and 0.166-0.929 mL min⁻¹ for the retracted fiber. In field sampling, two pesticides, dichlorvos and cyprodinil were detected with exposed SPME. SR with exposed SPME for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min^-1) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min^-1). SR for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min⁻¹) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min⁻¹). The trends of temporal concentration and the inhalation exposure were also obtained.