Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers

The concern about emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from steel industrial parks has increased in the past decades. In this study, polyurethane foam (PUF)-disk based passive air samples were collected in and around a big steel industrial park of Anshan, Northeast China from June 2008 to March 2009. The levels, seasonal variations and potential sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the atmosphere around the steel industrial complex were investigated, and potential contribution of these three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from iron and steel production was also assessed. The air concentrations of ∑₁₇PCDD/Fs (summer: 0.02-2.77 pg m⁻³; winter: 0.20-9.79 pg m⁻³), ∑₁₉PCBs (summer: 23.5-155.8 pg m⁻³; winter: 14.6-81.3 pg m⁻³) and ∑₁₃PBDEs (summer: 2.91-10.7 pg m⁻³; winter: 1.10-3.89 pg m⁻³) in this targeted industrial park were relatively low in comparison to other studies, which implied that the industrial activities of iron and steel had not resulted in serious contamination to the ambient air in this area. On the whole, the air concentrations of PCDD/Fs in winter were higher than those of summer, whereas the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs showed opposite trends. The result from principal component analysis indicated that coal combustion might be the main contributor of PCDD/F sources in this area.     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究燃煤尘质谱特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和再悬浮采样器联用的方式对燃煤电厂烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征进行测定,并使用颗粒物粒径分级采样仪ELPI测定其粒径分布特征.研究表明,SPAMS监测得到的粒径分布与ELPI结果差异较大,SPAMS对于500 nm以上粒径段检测效果较好;两个样品正谱图中有非常明显的锂、钙、钛、铝等金属组分信号和碳组分信号特征,负谱图中硅酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等信号比较明显,并且随着粒径的增加碳组分、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等组分对应的信号强度逐渐减弱,而硅酸盐、铝、钙和钛等组分对应的信号强度逐渐增强;对两个样品使用ART-2a聚类获得多个颗粒物类别,分析表明,它们均含有元素碳二次类(硫酸盐和硝酸盐缩写为二次Sec)、有机碳二次类、铝元素碳类、铝钙硅酸盐类和富硅酸盐类等颗粒物类别,并且随着粒径的增加金属硅酸盐颗粒出现频率增大,而含碳颗粒与硫酸盐出现频率降低.但烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征呈显著差异,下载灰样品更能代表燃煤源真实排放特征.建议在今后建立基于单颗粒质谱固定源成分谱时,应使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪在外场进行实测,并使用聚类的方法提取不同粒径段上的源质谱特征,可能会取得更好的效果.     

SWB-1型便携式湖泊沉积物─界面水取样器的研制

在湖泊环境的研究中，采到保持原状的沉积物─水界面样品是一项基本工作。根据国外有关资料，在前期研制的沉积物─水界面采样装置的基础上，研制成功了一种新型湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器。本取样器由四部分组成，即连接构件、配重、悬挂密封机构和取样管。取样器是靠自重插入湖泊沉积层，悬挂密封机构将样品封闭于取样管内。本取样器能在深水湖泊中取到30～50cm的湖底沉积物柱及10～30cm的界面水柱。整个取样器重量轻（只有7.5kg），易于携带和野外操作，并配有野外分样装置。本取样器是一种经济有效的湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器，适合于各种环境研究监测部门使用。     

游梁式抽油机的危险分析与防范措施

分析了游梁式抽油机在运行和维修作业过程中存在的平衡块旋转危险、皮带传动危险、减速箱高处作业危险、电机漏电危险、操作台高处作业危险、电机电缆漏电危险、节电控制箱漏电危险、刹车失灵危险、毛辫子悬绳器危险和攀梯危险,有针对性地提出了防范措施.     

Unidirectional gas flow in soil porosity resulting from barometric pressure cycles

During numerical simulation of air flow in the vadose zone, it was noticed that a small sinusoidal pressure would cause a gradual one-way migration of the pore gas. This was found to be a physical phenomenon, not a numerical artifact of the finite element simulation. The one-way migration occurs because the atmospheric pressure, and hence the air density, is slightly greater when air is flowing into the ground than when air is flowing out of the ground. A simple analytic theory of the phenomenon is presented, together with analytic calculations using actual barometric pressure data. In soil of one Darcy permeability, the one-way migration is of the order of a few tenths of a meter per year for either plane flow from ground surface or for radial flow from an open borehole. The migration is sufficiently small that it will have no practical consequences in most circumstances; however, investigators who conduct detailed numerical modeling should recognize that this phenomenon is not a numerical artifact in an apparently linear system.     

Modelling Replicated Weed Growth Data using Spatially-varying Growth Curves

Weed growth in agricultural fields constitutes a major deterrent to the growth of crops, often resulting in low productivity and huge losses for the farmers. Therefore, proper understanding of patterns in weed growth is vital to agricultural research. Recent advances in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) now allow geocoding of agricultural data, which enable more sophisticated spatial analysis. Our current application concerns the development of statistical models for conducting spatial analysis of growth patterns in weeds. Our data comes from an experiment conducted in Waseca, Minnesota, that recorded growth of the weed Setariaspp. We capture the spatial variation in Setaria spp. growth using spatially-varying growth curves. An added challenge is that these designs are spatially replicated, with each plot being a lattice of sub-plots. Therefore, spatial variation may exist at different resolutions – a macro level variation between the plots and micro level variation between the sub-plots nested within each plot. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical framework for this setting. Flexible classes of models result which are fitted using simulation-based methods.     

深圳市冬季PM2.5中水溶性有机物的来源特征

利用连续液化采样器（PILS）-超声雾化器-气溶胶化学组分检测仪（ACSM）联用系统,对深圳市冬季PM_2.5中水溶性组分进行在线连续观测,获取高时间分辨率的水溶性有机物（WSOM）,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-,NH₄⁺和Cl^-浓度信息以及WSOM的质谱结构信息.分析结果表明：PM_2.5中水溶性组分的总质量浓度变化范围为4.0~117μg/m³,平均浓度为20.1μg/m³,其中WSOM（25.2%）和SO₄^2-（22.4%）是最主要的贡献组分.ACSM质谱显示WSOM具有氧化态有机气溶胶（OOA）的质谱特征,其氧碳比（O/C）的平均值达到（0.60±0.09）,且WSOM与二次无机离子（SO₄^2-+NO₃^-）和钾（K）有强相关性,与黑碳（BC）的相关性较弱,表明了观测期间WSOM主要来源于二次反应产生的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）和生物质燃烧,与机动车等一次排放没有明显关系.     

HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE TO PUMPING AND CONTAMINANT ADVECTION IN A FRACTURED ROCK ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Ground water flow and supply at the Whiteshell Research Area (WRA) in southeastern Manitoba and the advective movement of contaminants from a hypothetical nuclear fuel waste disposal vault to the adjacent biosphere and a nearby ground water supply well are simulated using finite-element modeling and numerical particle-tracking technique. The hypothetical vault is located at a depth of 500 m, below the water table, in low-permeability plutonic rock of the Canadian Shield. The rock mass is intersected by high-permeability fracture zones (aquifers), which also act as conduits for vault contaminants to migrate to the ground surface. The ground water resource is, therefore, limited in quantity and quality and should be explored with care. A 30 m deep well, which pumps water at a rate of 120 m³/yr from a low-dipping fracture zone, LD1, reduces natural discharge from the system to augment natural recharge. At this pumping rate, a 100 m or 200 m deep well neither reduces discharge nor induces recharge into the system. Thus, at the WRA, a 30 m deep domestic water supply well best meets the water requirements of a one-person household at the rate of 120 m³/yr. The 100 m and 200 m wells best meet the requirements of a family of six and a family of six with light irrigation, respectively, without capturing contaminants’pathways from the vault to the ground surface. By virtue of the proximity of the 200 m well intake to the hypothetical vault, this well performs best as a purge well at pumping rates of 0,000 m³/yr and greater. Finite-element modeling is useful in evaluating the water supply potential of a fractured rock environment in which a nuclear waste disposal vault is proposed to be sited.     

发电厂附近大气气溶胶元素浓度的监测

用Ｓｔｒｅａｋｅｒ时间顺序采样器在火力发电厂附近连续收集大气气溶胶样品，这些样品在２×１．７ＭＶ串列加速器上用２．５ＭｅＶ的质子进行ＰＩＸＥ分析，得到了大气气溶胶粗，细颗粒物中２１个元素浓度及其时间的短时变化，显示了主要污染源方向的信息，结果表明，元素Ｓｉ，Ｋ，Ｚｎ和Ａｓ的浓度高于北京地区冬天的水平，Ｂｒ／Ｐｂ的比值为０．１６（ｎ＝４４），高于一般地区。     

Elemental Composition of Urban Aerosol Collected in Florence, Italy

An extensive investigation is in progress aiming at the characterisation of the air particulate composition in Florence. For our investigation, we use the external PIXE-PIGE beam facility of the I.N.F.N. Van de Graaff accelerator at the Physics Department of the Florence University. In order to gather information on both the longer- and shorter-time trends of the aerosol elemental composition, we are analysing both long temporal series (about 1 year) of 24-h Millipore filters collected by the health authorities in 3 different sites, and filters collected simultaneously in two of the above sites for about one month, by two streakers with one-hour resolution, providing size fractionation between particle size smaller than 2.5 µm and from 2.5 µm to 10 µm. The streakers sampling period includes two days during which the Municipality of Florence has banned the circulation of non-catalytic cars, due to the increase of NO₂ above the "recommended safety values". We present here the first obtained results for the sampling site located near a heavy traffic road.