实验室环境试验报告及其编写要求分析

分析了两类环境试验报告的用途、特点和编写要求,详细阐述了验证产品对环境适应性要求的符合性(以下简称验证符合性)的环境试验的试验报告应包括的主要内容.介绍了英国国防环境手册00-35第一册《环境管理与控制》中规定的编写单项环境试验报告、单项环境的试验评价报告和根据已完成的多个单项环境试验评价报告编写产品环境适应性与合同要求的一致性的分析报告,将其作为设计定型决策依据的做法,最后提出了一些看法和建议.     

砂尘环境试验风洞稳定段和收缩段的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT,对砂尘环境试验风洞中稳定段和收缩段的气固两相流流场进行数值模拟.给出了计算采用的湍流模型及计算区域的网格划分技术.通过分析稳定段和收缩段的两相流流场的速度梯度分布,得到了反向加砂方式优于正向加砂方式的计算结果.     

2A12铝合金在模拟溶液中的周浸腐蚀行为

采用干湿周浸实验、失重法和电化学阻抗谱研究了2A12铝合金在0.6mol/L NaCl和0.6mol/L NaCl 0.02mol/L NaHSO3两种溶液中的腐蚀行为与规律, 利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDX)和红外光谱(FTIR) 观察分析腐蚀产物表面形貌、结构和组成,测试了材料的力学性能.研究表明,随腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀产物不断增多,失重增加,力学性能下降,阻抗模值逐渐减小;腐蚀产物形貌以团状和块状为主,在0.6mol/L NaCl溶液中腐蚀产物主要为铝的氯化物和氧化铝,在0.6mol/L NaCl 0.02mol/L NaHSO3溶液中腐蚀产物主要为氧化铝、铝的硫酸盐水合物和铝的氯化物;由于NaCl和NaHSO3共同作用,2A12合金在0.6mol/L NaCl 0.02mol/L NaHSO3溶液中腐蚀电流密度高,阻抗模值相对较小,腐蚀速率较高,腐蚀后失重大,力学性能下降幅度较大,腐蚀更严重.     

轨道交通运行引起的场地振动试验研究

轨道交通运行引起的环境振动问题,已成为土木工程界关注的一个新的课题。对南京市栖霞镇某场地进行了列车振动现场试验,得到了不同列车车型与车速下的地面振动速度时程曲线,给出了地面振动速度的频谱特性和衰减规律,分析了列车运行引起的环境振动的传递路径,为进一步研究轨道交通振动控制提供了参考。     

Diffusion mechanism of lindane into wood charcoal

Abstract

The wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) was used to remove toxic chlorinated pesticide lindane (y‐HCH) residue from water by the sorption process. Using a simple first order reversible kinetics constants and half time equations, the film and pore diffusion coefficients were determined. Film diffusion was found to be rate limiting step in sorbing lindane by WCT. This was further authenticated by kinetics studies at different initial sorbate concentrations, different sorbent sizes, and different agitation speeds besides interruption test. A pore diffusion model was used to fit the data of kinetics in continuously mixed batch reactors (CMBR), and the tortuosity, external resistance, and surface diffusion effects on lindane sorption by WCT were noticed. The tortuosity values of 15 to 28 were obtained for WCT‐lindane system.     

气候试验箱内部条件不确定度计算(下)

提供了对温度和湿度气候试验箱内部环境条件进行不确定度分析的方法。首先介绍了测量的不确定度概念,然后讨论容差的意义。考虑到湿度和温度测量是采用确定和合成不确定度。结合校准空载试验箱和有负载试验箱的条件测量的案例。最后,逐条整理成为范本用于分析结果以给出规范的不确定度评估依据。     

Testing hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves

Niche theory with hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves is used in the studies of resource sharing of competing plant species. Predictions based on theory should be applicable when, e.g., effects of competing species on the ecological tolerances are assessed or species’ diversity along a resource gradient is evaluated. We studied the ecological response curves of competing plant species along a resource gradient in boreal forests. The study was based on nation-wide soil and vegetation data collected from 455 sample plots on boreal forests in Finland. Species response curves along a soil fertility gradient (in terms of C/N ratio) were estimated using generalized additive models. Distribution of species optima and the relationship of niche width and skewness to the location of the optimum were analyzed with new bootstrap tests. The developed tests can account for the effects of truncation observed in the response curves of several species and for the uneven distribution of observations on the gradient.The estimated response curves of the major field layer species of boreal forests were not evenly distributed along soil C/N gradient. The density of optima peaked with relatively high nitrogen availability. Species with optima at low nitrogen availability had relatively broad realized niches. Niche width was negatively correlated with the density of optima. Species optima were packed and niches were narrow at high resource levels. This result suggests that a greater number of more specialized species can occur and interspecific competition decreases niche widths at high resource levels. Species were packed in the gradient where the C/N ratio was lower than 25, i.e., in conditions where nitrification can take place. This indicates that the majority of the vascular plants of boreal forests are favoured by the availability of NO₃⁻. Those few species thriving at high C/N ratios have broader realized niches.     

采场通风方式与瓦斯运移规律研究

采场是煤矿生产的核心地带,而采场通风系统是确保采场作业安全,创造良好生产环境的重要环节。本文以采场风流流动及瓦斯运移理论为基础,通过现场试验、模型模拟试验及计算机模拟研究等方法,着重研究了中国常用的和有发展前途的走向长壁后退式U型通风方式、U+L型通曲方式、后退式Y型通风方式条件下采场风流流动及瓦斯运移规律。     

IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF ADSORPTION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION AT A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE1

ABSTRACT: A three well injection-production test was performed at the United Creosoting Company (UCC) site in Conroe, Texas, to estimate the effective in situ retardation factors for adsorption and to evaluate the significance of biotransformation in limiting the transport of polycydic aromatics present in the shallow aquifer. The field test was also used as a model to determine if this type of testing would be feasible at other hazardous waste sites. During the test, chloride, a non-reactive tracer and two organic compounds, naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene (pDCB), were injected into a center well for 24 hours followed by clean ground water for six days. Ground water was continuously produced from two adjoining wells and monitored to observe the breakthrough of these compounds. Data from the test were analyzed by comparing the statistical moments of the chloride and organics distributions. Retardation factors for naphthalene and pDCB were estimated to be 1.03 and 0.97 by comparison of the statistical moments. A significant loss of naphthalene and pDCB was also observed during the three well test, apparently due to biotransformation. These results suggest that biotransformation is the major process limiting the transport of naphthalene and similar compounds at the UCC site.