黔江区降水化学组份变化趋势及相关性分析研究

通过对重庆市黔江区"十二五"期间320个降水样品的pH值和化学组成成分等特征进行了研究,结果表明,五年间黔江区降水pH范围为4.71~7.81,电导率范围为21.8~42.5 μS/cm-1,平均值33.4 μS/cm-1.降水pH和电导率的Spearman秩相关系数法检验表明,pH的rs为正值,电导率的rs为负值,五年期间大气降水中总离子当量浓度有所下降,降水酸雨环境得到有效控制.SO2-4是降水中主要阴离子,占阴离子总量的74.3%,Ca2+是降水中主要阳离子,占阳离子总量的31.4%.黔江区酸雨为硫酸型或燃煤型酸雨,SO2-4/NO-3浓度比均值为7.13,SO2-4/NO-3比值在2013年达最大值,之后呈现减小趋势,黔江区汽车尾气和工业排放的NOx对降水的影响在变大.在99.0%的置信水平下,降水离子浓度总和与电导率线性相关显著.相关性研究表明:降水中SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-主要来自煤燃烧.Mg2+、Na+与Cl-即来源于地壳源又来自于海洋远源传输,人类活动对黔江区降水影响较大.     

基于GIS广西酸雨区域分布及变化特征分析

利用广西13个酸雨监测站2005—2009年监测资料,结合GIS空间分析功能,探索了广西酸雨的空间分布特征和变化规律,旨在为当地酸雨研究、预防预测和综合治理提供客观科学的理论依据。结果表明:广西酸雨主要分布在中北部地区,酸雨带呈西北-东南走向。酸雨强度最大的城市为河池、来宾和贺州,其降水平均pH值<4.8,酸雨出现频率最高的城市为河池,其发生频率>70%;酸雨强度最弱,出现频率最低的城市为北海和钦州,其降水平均pH值>6.0,发生频率<2%。     

Evaluation of Gauge‐Radar Merging Methods Using a Semi‐Distributed Hydrological Model in the Upper Thames River Basin,Canada

Gauge‐radar merging methods combine rainfall estimates from rain gauges and radar to capitalize on the strengths of the individual instruments. The performance of four well‐known gauge‐radar merging methods, including mean field bias correction, Brandes spatial adjustment, local bias correction using kriging, and conditional merging, are examined using Environment Canada radar and the Upper Thames River Basin in southwestern Ontario, Canada, as a case study. The analysis assesses the effect of gauge‐radar merging methods on: (1) the accuracy of predicted rainfall accumulations; and (2) the accuracy of predicted streamflows using a semi‐distributed hydrological model. In addition, several influencing factors (i.e., gauge density, storm type, basin type, proximity to the radar tower, and time‐step of adjustment) are analyzed to determine their effect on the performance of the rainfall estimation techniques. Confirming results of previous studies, the merging methods provide an increase in the accuracy of both rainfall accumulation estimations and predicted streamflows. The results also indicate specific factors such as gauge density, rainfall intensity, and time‐step of adjustment can reduce the accuracy of merging methods and play a key role in the examination of its use for operational purposes. Results provide guidance for hydrologists and engineers assessing how best to apply corrected radar products to improve rainfall estimation and hydrological modeling accuracy.     

Effect of acid solutions on plants studied by the optical beam deflection method

The optical beam deflection method was applied to study the effects of acid solution on both a terrestial and aquatic plants Egeria and Cerastium, which are common aquatic plant and terrestial weed respectively. A probe beam from a He-Ne laser was passed through a vicinity of a leaf of the plants, which were put in culture dishes filled with acid solutions. Deflection signals of the probe beam were monitored and compared for acid solutions with different pH values. The results of Egria showed that the deflection signals changed dramatically when pH values of acid solutions were 2.0 and 3.0, while little at pH of 4.0 and 5.0. For Cerastium when pH were below 3.0, deflection signals changed greatly with time at the begining. After a certain period of time, deflection signals changed little with time. When pH value was above 4.0, deflection signals of Cerastium were still changing with time even after 20 hours. The results suggested that the damage threshold of pH was between 3.0 and 4.0 for both the land and aquatic plants.     

2000—2016年珠海市酸雨变化特征及酸雨概念模型

为评估我国酸雨控制效果与发展趋势,利用2000-2016年东亚酸沉降监测网（EANET）的监测数据及同步气象资料,研究了珠海市酸雨变化特征及EANET中国网所有4个城市（珠海、厦门、重庆、西安）的城市降水化学组分特征.利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区PSCF分析方法,研究了珠海市降水气团和酸雨来源,建立了珠海市酸雨概念模型.结果表明：①珠海市酸雨日数与频率呈先增后减趋势,2008年后珠海市酸雨污染程度明显改善,我国酸雨控制效果明显.②沿海城市（珠海、厦门）与内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）降水离子组分区别明显,内陆工业城市酸雨受碱性颗粒物影响较大.③沿海城市（珠海、厦门）酸雨为硫酸-硝酸混合型;内陆工业城市（重庆、西安）酸雨以硫酸型为主,近年有向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变的趋势.④综合酸雨降水HYSPLIT后向轨迹聚类分析与PSCF潜在源区分析结果可建立酸雨概念模型,有助解释酸雨成因.珠海市强酸雨主要受珠海市外的珠三角地区污染物输送影响.     

多硫化钙对铬污染土壤处理效果的长期稳定性研究

稳定化修复技术逐渐成为我国现阶段重金属污染土壤修复的主要技术,其修复后验收主要通过分析土壤重金属的浸出浓度来评价修复效果,然而该验收指标未反映土壤重金属在不同情景下的长期稳定性.本研究以经稳定化药剂多硫化钙(CPS)处理前后的某电镀厂铬(Cr)污染土壤为对象,开展多pH浸出、模拟酸雨淋溶、冻融循环和干湿交替作用下土壤重金属Cr的长期稳定性研究.结果表明:在多pH浸出实验中,稳定化处理后达标土壤(CPS-D-3)在pH大于6.92时,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度大于0.05 mg·L~(-1).在整个试验模拟酸雨淋溶作用的过程中(30年),稳定化处理可以有效抑制Cr向环境中释放,CPS-D-3中的总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量比未经稳定化处理的Cr污染土壤(CPS-D-1)分别显著减少了91.86%和99.61%.在冻融循环的过程中,稳定化处理可有效降低土壤中浸出总Cr的含量.经过15次干湿交替后CPS-D-1和CPS-D-3分别比未经过干湿交替作用时浸出总Cr浓度减少了99.96%和96.88%.多pH浸出试验可以作为检验土壤安全的较为敏感的指标,冻融循环、模拟酸雨淋溶和干湿交替评估方法可协助评价重金属的长期稳定性.     

Assessment of Residential Rain Barrel Water Quality and Use in Cincinnati,Ohio1

The collection, storage, and reuse of rainwater collected in rain barrels from urban rooftop areas assists municipalities in achieving stormwater management objectives and in some areas also serves as an adjunct resource for domestic water supplies. In this study, rainwater reuse and levels of select microbial indicators were monitored for six residential rain barrels located in the Shepherd Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio. Water from rain barrels typically had poor microbial quality and was used for watering indoor and outdoor plants. Rain barrel water chemistry was slightly acidic, exhibited wide ranges in conductivity, turbidity, and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and gave no evidence of the presence of cyanobacterial microcystin toxins. Selected microbial water‐quality indicators indicated that counts of total coliform and enterococci were consistently above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for secondary recreational contact water‐quality standards. Residential rain barrels can provide water appropriate for low‐contact reuses (such as plant watering), although there may be transient periods of high levels of indicator bacteria in the collected water.     

中越边界—河口酸沉降的来源和发展趋势分析

河口当地无工业。燃料结构以柴禾为主，但８０年代降水酸度ＰＨ值为３．８０－５．１２平均为４．４，频率高达１００％。相距五年后，９０年代进行三年连续监测，酸 雨ＰＨ值为３．８２－６．９０，平均为４．９３，频率为９７．６％。     

兰州某高校校园内涝问题研究

城市内涝的频发,给城市居民生活和生产都带来了巨大的影响.近年来,越来越多的人民开始关注这一问题,然而,作为大型生活居住区的高校校园内涝状况却鲜少关注.以兰州某高校为调研对象,调查了该校园排水系统的现状.结果表明:校园道路和建筑物周围排水井数量充足,可以满足排水要求;但是分布不均、地面硬化和绿化率较低导致了校园内涝的发生.为解决校园内涝灾害,应重新合理布设排水井,改建校园道路和绿化带,完善排水系统,将雨水加以回收利用,有效缓解水资源压力.     

抚顺市分段降水化学研究

本文采用分段监测的方式研究了抚顺市分段降水化学组成及其变化特征。结果表明：抚顺市降水中阴离子以SO42-、NO3-为主,阳离子以Ca2＋、NH4＋为主。分段降水中,pH值和各离子浓度随着降水时间的持续呈下降趋势。通过分析同一场降水中不同离子之间的相关性可以推断,抚顺市酸雨有可能受局地污染而成。