Contract renegotiation and rent re-distribution: Who gets raked over the coals?

Policy shocks affect the rent distribution in long-term contracts, which can lead to such contracts being renegotiated. We seek an understanding of what aspects of contract design, in the face of a substantial policy shock, affect the propensity to renegotiate. We test our hypotheses using data on U.S. coal contracts after the policy shock of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Contracts are divided into two categories, those that were renegotiated following the shock and those that were not. Characteristics of the contract are used to explain whether or not the contract was ultimately renegotiated. Results provide guidance on rent re-distribution and contract renegotiation more generally and are applicable to contemporary policy issues such as climate change legislation.     

Self-organization of tropical seasonal rain forest in southwest China

How to measure development of ecosystems is both a theoretical and practical question in ecology. Species richness and biomass accumulation are familiar figures of merit, but they cannot be instant watched. Self-organization is a tacit character. However, methods to measure the degree of self-organization of ecosystem are problematic. To this end Lin et al. (2009) have devised indicators of energy capture and dissipation so that self-organization defined via maximum energy dissipation can be quantified easily. Here the method is used to analyze long-term data (2004-2006) of a tropical seasonal rain forest included in the ChinaFLUX program. Three years of average self-organization values were clearly separated by seasonal variation. Reflection and long wave radiation are the main two pathways of energy loss. For tropical seasonal rain forest studied, long wave radiation contributed most to energy loss, and was negatively correlated with energy capture ability (Rn/DR). The nocturnal difference between canopy and air temperatures had a strong negative correlation with the long wave radiation loss ratio. However, the long wave radiation loss ratio was slightly lower than the reflection loss ratio in rainy season, when values were very low. Precipitation and wind had significant impact on energy dissipation ability in the hot dry season, but the correlation coefficients between precipitation and wind with thermal response numbers (TRNs) were very low. The results indicated that the self-organization estimation system based on “maximum energy dissipation theory” is applicable for tropical forest.     

煤、煤矸石中硫排放的影响因素及其与酸雨形成的相关性

通过对广东省粤北煤矿地区进行大气、水、雾等现场监测,同时将煤和煤矸石进行模拟实验,以了解其中硫排放的影响因素、排放过程化学形态的分布及排放速率．结果表明,自然堆放状态下的煤和煤矸石中硫的排放受湿度、光、热、氧化的影响;其排放速率与广东省的自然条件相关,与广东省酸雨频率吻合。     

峨眉山1998年雨水化学组成的动态变化

为了研究进入峨眉山地区污染物质的起源，从1998年4月开始在峨眉山22处设置了雨水采集点采集了雨水。本文介绍1998年峨眉山雨水化学组成随季节变化的特征。作者认为峨眉山一年中雨水可分为三期：中和期、清洁期和污染期。     

四川酸雨的综合防治对策研究

本文在四川酸雨来源、成因、危害的基础上，结合国内外酸雨防治的经验，确定了四川酸雨的主要控制因子、控制目标和致酸污染物的削减率。针对四川的特点，提出了控制四川酸雨的战略和工程措施，为四川的经济发展、城市建设与环境保护等的规划、决策提供了科学依据。     

模拟酸雨对五爪金龙幼苗光合生理特性的影响

在华南地区,酸雨引起的农作物和经济作物生长发育障碍常导致严重的经济损失,而一些有害入侵种在酸雨条件下仍在扩散,危害性未受到明显的抑制.因此,酸雨条件下入侵种生物学特性研究有助于揭示其入侵规律.在人工环境条件下（光照培养箱的温度为30 ℃,相对湿度为47.6%,光合有效辐射为63.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）进行五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica L）盆栽试验.五爪金龙幼苗每天喷施营养液.采用模拟酸雨（pH梯度为2、3、4、5、6）对幼苗进行胁迫实验,利用LI-6400便携式光合仪和分光光度法测定其光合生理特性指标.结果表明：五爪金龙叶片净光合速率随酸雨pH值的下降而降低.当光合有效辐射（PAR）低于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,不同酸雨处理叶片的净光合速率均随光合有效辐射强度的增加而增大;当光合有效辐射高于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,同一光合有效辐射不同pH处理叶片的净光合速率均为：CK（对照） 〉 pH6.0 〉 pH5.0 〉 pH4.0 〉 pH3.0 〉pH2.0.随着酸雨pH值的下降,光饱和点、光补偿点、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率均呈下降的趋势.其中,pH3.0和pH2.0酸雨处理对各项光合特性参数的抑制作用均达到了显著水平.酸雨胁迫导致五爪金龙叶片叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛含量（MDA）和可溶性糖含量均显著增加,表明酸雨胁迫对叶片细胞膜系统产生了破坏作用.pH6.0、pH5.0和pH4.0酸雨处理对五爪金龙的光合生理特性影响较小,pH值为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理对五爪金龙的光合能力抑制显著.酸雨胁迫导致五爪金龙利用强光能力下降,提高了其利用弱光的能力.五爪金龙光合生理特性对酸雨环境较为敏感,对酸雨胁迫具有一定的耐受性和适应性.     

酸沉降对重庆农业生态的影响

本文阐述了酸雨、酸雾、SO_2等主要酸沉降单独对重庆植物、土壤的作用及其复合作用,提出了今后的研究方向及减少危害的措施。     

Sulfur dioxide-hydrogen peroxide relationships and acidification of precipitation in Guiyang area-a case study

-The concentrations of gas phase SO2, O3 and chemical composition of sequential rainwater samples were measured on 6/11/88 to 6/28/88 at some sites of Guiyang area. S (IV) was present in great excess of H2O2 in rainwater samples collected at residential sites of the city corresponding to high level of gas phase SO2. Considerable H2O2 in rainwater samples was observed in background air at suburbs. The evidence that clean rainwater samples were collected at 20km away from the city in 6/18/88 precipitation event revealed that the major process of acidification of the rain in the high polluted areas was below-cloud scavenging of trace gases. From a simulation calculation it was found that the rate of oxidation of S(IV) by O3 and by Mn2+, Fe3+ catalytic in high pH rainwater is significant, but for low pH the major SO42- is produced by the reaction of S (IV) with H2O2.     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plant