北京市湿沉降特征分析

通过分析北京市降水中水溶性离子组分的浓度,研究了2005～2009北京市降水酸化程度及水质变化特征.北京市5 a年均pH为5.19,总体变化趋势平稳.5 a间,降水中各离子组分含量均有下降趋势,北京市的环境质量逐步改善;NH 4^＋和NO 3^-在降水中所占比例明显增加,北京市降水受含N污染物排放的影响较大.季节变化显...     

东川地区酸雨污染特征及控制对策

对东川酸雨污染的水平、变化特征、污染趋势、酸雨组成权重、与气象的关联性进行分析研究。结果显示:东川地区存在不同程度的酸雨污染,冶炼厂硫排放是造成该区域酸雨的主要成因。提出东川区酸雨控制的主要对策措施。     

不同植被下森林地表系统水相硫的分布与迁移

为了阐明酸雨对森林生态系统水相硫动态分布的影响,在1997~1999年以庐山植物园的针叶林和阔叶林为研究对象,对降雨、透冠水、干流水、渗漏水、径流水及硫通量进行了监测分析。结果表明,降水中SO2-4含量最高值出现在冬季,最低值在夏季;针叶林和阔叶林的透冠水、干流水和渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均高于降水,且透冠水和干流水均表现为春夏季较低、秋冬季较高,径流水变化与之相反;渗漏水针叶林冬季最高,阔叶林春季最高,其他三个季节差异不大;森林生态系统水相硫年际变化呈递增趋势,即1997年1998年1999年,1999年SO2-4浓度与1998和1997年之间差异达显著或极显著水平,而1997年和1998年差异不显著;针叶林的透冠水、干流水、渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均比阔叶林高,而径流水则比阔叶林低,其pH值变化与之相反。针叶林和阔叶林都能够较好的吸收大气沉降中的S,其固定量均高于降水中S的通量,故庐山森林生态系统目前仍是大气S沉降的汇,对酸沉降仍有缓冲作用,但针叶林由于高输入低输出,因此对S的固定能力更强。     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

Effect of sunlight radiation,rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on persistence of bacillus thuringiensis deposits after application of dipel® 76af formulation onto conifers

Abstract

The effect of sunlight radiation, rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on per ‐sistence of a Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki (Btk) formulation, DiPel^® 76AF, was examined after application onto spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] foliage. The investigation consisted of three studies: (i) Study I: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the photostability of DiPel 76AF deposits on foliage after different periods of exposure to two radiation intensities, (ii) Study II: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the rainfastness of foliar deposits after exposure to different amounts of rainfall consisting of two separate droplet spectra, and (iii) Study III: a field microcosm study to investigate the influence of two different droplet spectra of DiPel 76AF sprays on foliar persistence of Btk under natural weathering conditions. In all studies, persistence of Btk was investigated both by bioassay [using spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens)] and total protein assay.

The findings of Study I indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing duration of exposure to radiation, and with increasing radiation intensity. The half‐life (DT₅₀, the exposure period required for 50% of the initial bioactivity to disappear) was 5.1 d for the low intensity, and 3.9 d for the higher intensity. In contrast with the bioassay results, the total protein levels [determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method] showed no decrease with increasing duration of exposure, or with increasing radiation intensity.

The findings of Study II indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing cumulative rainfall. A new term, RF₅₀ [the amount of rain (in mm) required to washoff 50% of the initial deposit], was introduced to understand the relationship between rainfall intensity and reduction in bioactivity. When the same amount of rain was applied in different droplet sizes, the RF₅₀ value was high (5.2 mm) for the small rain droplets, and was low (2.9 mm) for the large rain droplets. Similar to the bioassay results, the total protein concentrations (determined by the BCA method) decreased with increasing amount of rain and with increasing rainfall intensity. The RF₅₀ value (obtained using ng protein /cm²) was 5.4 mm for the small rain droplets, and was 3.4 mm for the large rain droplets.

The field microcosm study indicated that when DiPel 76AF was applied in small droplets (D_v.5 of 65 μm), the persistence of bioactivity was ca 8.0 d, whereas when it was applied in large droplets (D_v.5 of 130 nm) it was ca 11 d. Bioactivity decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ was 1.98 d for the spray of small droplets, and 2.87 d for that of large droplets. Similar to the bioactivity, the total protein concentrations also decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ values for the small and large droplet spectra were 3.45 and 6.07 d respectively.     

我国降水的时空变化与暴雨洪涝灾害

本文论述与降水的时空变化相联系的我国暴雨洪涝灾害的主要特征。我国受东亚季风影响明显,暴雨活动频繁。各地的降水分布极不均匀。暴雨（降水）活动具有明显的年代际变化、年际变化、季节性变化和季节内振荡。与之相对应的暴雨洪涝灾害也具有以上的时空变化特征。我国东南部沿海地区受两种不同性质的降水天气——非台风暴雨和台风暴雨的影响,而各沿海省（区）由两者造成的洪涝灾害程度大小也不同。华南地区后汛期中的暴雨洪涝灾害比前汛期的严重。湖南省的降水一年中具有两个峰值,所造成的洪涝灾害也有两个季节性极大值点。     

2012年秦皇岛市夏秋异常降水及其影响评估简

2012年秦皇岛市夏秋季降水异常偏多,暴雨洪涝、地质灾害严重,给工农业生产及交通航运等带来严重损失。利用统计分析方法对6～11月秦皇岛异常降水进行分析,结果表明：6～11月连续6个月降水偏多,为1955年有气象记录以来唯一年份;11月全市降水偏多5倍以上,创有气象记录以来极值;7下8上区域性暴雨范围大,持续时间长,尤其8月3～4日受台风“达维”影响,出现了近50 a最大洪涝。在分析降水异常基础上,对引起的气象灾害及其影响进行了分析。     

SAMPLING ACCURACY OF PIT VS. STANDARD RAIN GAGES ON THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST1

ABSTRACT: Catch in standard (unshielded) rain gages exposed 3 feet above the land surface was compared with catch in pit (buried) gages exposed 1 inch above the land surface. These tests confirmed that catch in standard gages under estimates point rainfall in forest openings, as well as in conventional weather stations. Pit gages caught significantly (P=0.05) more rain than did standard gages at each of four locations tested. Catch increases ranged from 2.3 to 3.4 percent.     

酸雨及大气颗粒物中可溶性SO_4~(2-)的流动注射—比浊法测定

本文研究了在一定酸度下,以BaCl_2为沉淀剂,OP(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚)为保护剂的比浊法测定酸雨及大气颗粒物中SO_4~(2-)含量的分析条件,选择的最佳体系为:BaCl_2·2H_2O(2％)—OP(5％)。SO_4~(2-)含量在0.6—7.2μg1ml范围内呈线性关系,回收率为95～105％,相对平均标准偏差小于2.6％。在此基础上与流动注射仪联用,提高了分析速度,改善了精密度。     

关于我国雨能分布研究

利用全国多雨、中雨和少雨典型区的自记雨量曲线和 Kinnel 方程:E=29.233·(1-e~(-(0.0477I+0.112)))计算出各点各次降雨的雨能值,并作出各区按月降雨(x)和雨能(y)的关系式:y=15.592x-171.630(多雨区),y=16.257x-280.279(中雨区),y=16.493x-107.676(少雨区)。将全国77个观测点的按月雨量资料计算出全年的雨能值。通过作图得到我国多雨和中雨区的年降雨量 P 和年雨能值 E 的关系:E=11.67p;和少雨区的关系:E=14.95P。从而可用此来估算全国各测点的雨能值。