Social relationships among adult female baboons (papio cynocephalus) I. Variation in the strength of social bonds

Sociality has positive effects on female fitness in many mammalian species. Among female baboons, those who are most socially integrated reproduce most successfully. Here we test a number of predictions derived from kin selection theory about the strength of social bonds among adult female baboons. Our analyses are based on systematic observations of grooming and association patterns among 118 females living in seven different social groups in the Amboseli Basin of Kenya over a 16-year period. Females in these groups formed the strongest bonds with close kin, including their mothers, daughters, and maternal and paternal sisters. Females were also strongly attracted toward females who were close to their own age, perhaps because peers were often paternal sisters. Females’ bonds with their maternal sisters were strengthened after their mother’s deaths, whereas their relationships with their maternal aunts were weakened after their mother’s death. In addition, females formed stronger bonds with their paternal sisters when no close maternal kin were available, and they compensated for the absence of any close kin by forming strong bonds with nonrelatives. Taken together, these data suggest that social bonds play a vital role in females’ lives, and the ability to establish and maintain strong social bonds may have important fitness consequences for females.Joan B. Silk is on sabbatical at Cambridge University from September 2005 to August 2006. Tel.: +44-7929759697; Fax: +44-1223-335460.     

城市地表灰尘-降雨径流系统重金属生物有效性研究

以上海中心城区为例,定点采集地表灰尘、径流悬浮物、雨水口和河流沉积物,探讨重金属在地表灰尘-降雨径流系统中的环境行为及其生物有效性变化.研究表明,研究区域地表灰尘重金属浓度高于上海土壤背景值,其中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu高出5~7倍,Cr和Ni高出2倍,径流非点源污染Pb、Cr和Ni贡献较大,Cd、Cu和Zn污染程度较轻.多介质赋存形态研究表明,重金属生物有效性依次为Zn>Ni>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr.其中Cr、Zn和Cu在4种介质中分别以残渣态、碳酸盐态和有机态为主;Ni地表灰尘以残渣态为主,其它3种介质以碳酸盐态为主;Cd地表灰尘以有机态为主,径流悬浮物以非稳定形态为主;Pb在迁移过程中主导形态由铁锰结合态变为有机态.非稳定形态(F1+F2)在径流悬浮物组分中占有最高比例,6种重金属迁移比率平均值为1.74,说明从地表灰尘到径流颗粒物,重金属生物有效性明显升高,径流水体毒性和潜在生态效应值得关注;雨水口和河流沉积物残渣态含量较高,成为重金属在城市地表环境迁移的蓄积库.     

用分子连接指数研究氯代芳香族化合物对绿藻的毒性及QSAR分析

本文测定了一批氯代芳香族化合物对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性,运用分子连接性指数分析了化合物结构与其毒性之间的定量关系,并用逐一抽取法检验比较了模型的稳健性.     

酚类分子结构和纳滤膜特性对截留率的影响规律

选择21种酚类化合物作为模型污染物,分别测定了三种不同纳滤膜对酚类化合物的截留率.结果表明,酚类化合物截留率受到取代基位置、种类和膜特性的影响.对NF270膜和NF膜而言,截留率从大到小的次序为邻位>间位>对位,而NF90膜的截留率为邻位>对位;供电子取代基有增大截留率的趋势,吸电子取代基有减小截留率的趋势;孔径小、荷电量大的纳滤膜截留率更大.通过基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘回归法(GA-PLS),建立了纳滤膜对酚类化合物截留率的定量构效关系模型,通过分析回归方程,可以看出酚类化合物的pKa值对截留率影响最大,影响较大的还有偶极矩等参数.     

COMPARATIVE BASES OF INDUSTRY POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND COMMERCIAL INNOVATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Adoption, maintenance, and operation of pollution control technology by manufacturing firms is essential to effective water resource management. In this study of 102 industries, we find that company adoption of pollution control technology and practices is primarily associated with two factors: (1) the overall company capacity for innovation in its production technology; and (2) company relationships with state and federal pollution control agencies, local government officials and professionals. Managerial attitudes about pollution and government regulation are not associated with either pollution control or commercial innovation, but are seen as basic to industry-government relationships. The data suggest an important regulatory dilemma, the problem of regulating a large number of small companies with a low capacity for innovation, but which when taken together account for large volumes of toxic effluent.     

Predation affects the susceptibility of hard clam Meretrix lusoria to Hg-stressed birnavirus

Predator–prey interaction in aquatic ecosystem is one of the simplest drivers affecting the species population dynamics. Predation controls are recognized as important aspects of ecosystem husbandry and management. In this paper we investigated how predation control cause an increase in host growth in the abundance of hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) populations subject to mercury (Hg)-stressed birnavirus. Here we linked predator–prey relationships with a bioenergetic matrix population model (MPM) associated with a susceptible–infectious–mortality (SIM) model based on a host–pathogen–predator framework to quantify the predator effects on population dynamics of disease in hard clam populations. Our results indicated that relative high predation rates could promote the hard clam abundances in relation to predators that selectively captured the infected hard clam, by which the disease transmission was suppressed. The results also demonstrated that predator-induced modifications in host behavior could have potential negative or positive effects on host growth depending on relative species density and resource dynamics. The most immediate implication of this study for the management of aquatic ecosystem is that, beyond the potential for causing a growth in abundance, predation might provoke greater predictability in aquatic ecosystem species populations and thereby increase the safety of ecosystem production from stochastic environmental events.     

安全科学原理及其结构体系研究

从安全科学学的高度和大安全的视角,论述5类安全现象、安全规律和安全科学及其对应关系。提出了由安全生命科学原理、安全自然科学原理、安全技术科学原理、安全社会科学原理和安全系统科学原理5大一级安全科学原理和25条二级安全科学原理组成的安全科学原理体系。分别构建了安全科学原理的"人形"结构和"轮形"结构。阐述各级安全科学原理在"人形"结构和"轮形"结构中的地位、联系、协同、促进与发展作用。研究结果得出了大安全背景下的一个安全科学原理新体系。     

Studying Trophic Relationships of the Bee Seladonia subaurata (Rossi) (Hymenoptera,Halictidae) by Analyzing Pollen from Nest Cells

Abstract–Pollen of 42 plant species from 17 families has been found in the food stores of Seladonia subaurata nests, with 61–86% of the pollen being accounted for by the Compositae. The foragers are characterized by strict flower preferences: more than 90% of the pollen in each cell belongs to two or three, sometimes four, plant species. At the eusocial stage of the existence of a colony, two or three foragers usually provision each cell. In especially large colonies, foragers are divided into groups and provision several cells during the day.