A TRIANGULAR MODEL OF DIMENSIONLESS RUNOFF PRODUCING RAINFALL HYETOGRAPHS IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: A synthetic triangular hyetograph for a large data base of Texas rainfall and runoff is needed. A hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity at a point or over a watershed during a storm. Synthetic hyetographs are estimates of the expected time distribution for a design storm and principally are used in small watershed hydraulic structure design. A data base of more than 1,600 observed cumulative hyetographs that produced runoff from 91 small watersheds (generally less than about 50 km²) was used to provide statistical parameters for a simple triangular shaped hyetograph model. The model provides an estimate of the average hyetograph in dimensionless form for storm durations of 0 to 24 hours and 24 to 72 hours. As a result of this study, the authors concluded that the expected dimensionless cumulative hyetographs of 0 to 12 hour and 12 to 24 hour durations were sufficiently similar to be combined with minimal information loss. The analysis also suggests that dimensionless cumulative hyetographs are independent of the frequency level or return period of total storm depth and thus are readily used for many design applications. The two triangular hyetographs presented are intended to enhance small watershed design practice in applicable parts of Texas.     

ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded. The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10^?5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.     

VARIATION OF STREAM STABILITY WITH STREAM TYPE AND LWESTOCK BANK DAMAGE IN NORTHERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Many natural and anthropogenic factors contribute to the stability or erodibility of stream channels. Although a stream rating procedure used by more than 60 percent of the U.S. National Forests provides an estimate of overall stability, it does not identify the cause of instability or indicate corrective management. To better sort natural from livestock influences, stream stability rating indicator variables were related to stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage in a large data base for streams in northern Nevada. Stability and the range in stability varied naturally with stream type. Ungulate bank damage had different effects on different stream types and on different parts of their cross-sections. Vegetation is more important for stability on certain stream types than on other types. Streams with noncohesive sand and gravel banks are most sensitive to livestock grazing. Range managers should consider the stream type when setting local standards, writing management objectives, or determining riparian grazing strategies.     

RUNOFF SIMULATION USING RADAR RAINFALL DATA1

ABSTRACT: Rainfall data products generated with the national network of WSR-88D radars are an important new data source provided by the National Weather Service. Radar-based data include rainfall depth on an hourly basis for grid cells that are nominally 4 km square. The availability of such data enables application of improved techniques for rainfall-runoff simulation. A simple quasi-distributed approach that applies a linear runoff transform to grid-ded rainfall excess has been developed. The approach is an adaptation of the Clark conceptual runoff model, which employs translation and linear storage. Data development for, and results of, an initial application to a 4160 km² watershed in the Midwestern U.S. are illustrated.     

APPLICATION OF CROP YIELD FUNCTIONS IN RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: A model is developed for real-time operation of an irrigation reservoir with the objective of maximizing the value of multiple crop yields during a growing season. The model employs monthly additive and product forms of crop yield functions for dry matter and grain crops, respectively. The resulting nonlinear optimization model uses a log transform to reduce nonlinearities in the model. An application of the proposed model is compared to a common operating rule used in simulation models. The proposed model results were better in terms of net benefits from crop yields. The model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) language. It requires an IBM-compatible microcomputer and is suitable for use by a reservoir manager.     

抗生素企业VOCs排放清单及影响范围模拟

药品生产要消耗大量的原材料,是公认的"高污染、高耗能"行业.鉴于制药行业排放清单研究匮乏,本研究首先依据典型抗生素企业的实际监测数据及生产信息,采用实测法确定了各VOCs物质的排放因子;然后结合同一园区内抗生素A～G厂的活动水平信息,采用排放因子法计算得到各个厂的排放量,建立排放清单,并运用Monte Carlo法对清单进行了不确定性分析;最后用CALPUFF模型对A～G厂进行春夏秋冬四季的环境影响范围模拟.结果表明,抗生素企业生产中的总VOCs排放因子(以抗生素计,下同)为6 655. 61 g·t-1,其中结晶工序排放因子最大,为3 603. 476 g·t-1. A～G厂每年生产抗生素会分别产生VOCs 6 655. 610、7 454. 283、998. 342、11 980. 098、4 492. 537、42 462. 792和18 302. 928 kg,其中排放量最大的前4种物质依次为乙酸丁酯、正丁醇、正己烷和丙酮.通过对A厂进行Monta Carlo模型验证发现,A厂排放量基本呈对数正态分布,95%置信区间的不确定性为(-60. 62%,131. 78%),处于可接受范围.通过CALPUFF模拟,各季节VOCs扩散方向和扩散范围均不同,夏季出现中心聚集现象.     

化工企业废水污染源在线监控预警阈值确定方法研究

为解决我国污染源在线监控数据缺乏深层次利用、监测数据对污染源不能有效预警的状况,对企业日常污水排放的污染物进行监控预警,综合运用层次分析法和频次分析法,分别确立了在线监控预警的指标体系和污水排放不同警情的阈值范围,并以某化工厂12个月的在线监测数据为案例对方法进行了验证.分析结果表明,某化工厂污染源废水中ρ（氰化物）在0~0.50 mg/L之间,其中88.54%的监控数据分布范围为0~0.20 mg/L,均未超过GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》Ⅱ级标准限值;ρ（COD_Cr）在3.51~499.17 mg/L之间,其中51.74%的数据分布在>300~400 mg/L之间,接近GB 8978—1996 Ⅲ级标准限值,出水ρ（COD_Cr）偏高;ρ（NH₄+-N）在0~45 mg/L之间,均未超过GB 8978—1996 Ⅱ级标准限值,其中91.13%的数据低于30 mg/L,出水ρ（NH₄+-N）较低.对确定的预警阈值方法验证结果表明:①依据权重值的大小最终筛选出氰化物、COD_Cr及NH₄+-N为预警指标.②某化工厂氰化物在排放正常、一般、不正常及极不正常状态对应的阈值范围分别可设为40%频次、30%频次、5%频次及超过5%频次所对应的浓度范围;COD_Cr和NH₄+-N各状态对应阈值浓度范围一致,均为50%频次、40%频次、5%频次及超过5%频次对应的数值.研究显示,基于在线监测数据并结合相关标准、化工企业排污风险特征和化工厂的生产特征及工艺等基本条件,提出利用频次分析法确定化工厂各采样时刻不同警情阈值的方法较为科学合理.      

Modeling Discharge Rates Using a Coupled Modeled Approach for the Merced River in Yosemite National Park

This study describes the application of the NASA version of the Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model coupled with a surface hydrologic routing scheme previously called the Hydrological Routing Algorithm (HYDRA) to model monthly discharge rates from 2000 to 2007 on the Merced River drainage in Yosemite National Park, California. To assess CASA‐HYDRA's capability to estimate actual water flows in extreme precipitation years, the focus of this study is the 2007 water year, which was very dry, and the 2005 water year, which was a moderately wet year in the historical record. Prior to comparisons to gauge records, CASA‐HYDRA snowmelt algorithms were modified with equations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Snowmelt‐Runoff Model (SRM), which has been designed to predict daily streamflow in mountain basins where snowmelt is a major runoff factor. Results show that model predictions closely matched monthly flow rates at the Pohono Bridge gauge station (USGS#11266500), with R² = 0.67 and Nash‐Sutcliffe (E) = 0.65. By subdividing the upper Merced River basin into subbasins with high spatial resolution in the gridded modeling approach, we were able to determine which biophysical characteristics in the Sierra differed to the largest degree in extreme low‐flow and high‐flow years. Average elevation and snowpack accumulation were found to be the most important explanatory variables to understand subbasin contributions to monthly discharge rates.     

The Effects of Changing Land Cover on Streamflow Simulation in Puerto Rico

This study quantitatively explores whether land cover changes have a substantive impact on simulated streamflow within the tropical island setting of Puerto Rico. The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was used to compare streamflow simulations based on five static parameterizations of land cover with those based on dynamically varying parameters derived from four land cover scenes for the period 1953‐2012. The PRMS simulations based on static land cover illustrated consistent differences in simulated streamflow across the island. It was determined that the scale of the analysis makes a difference: large regions with localized areas that have undergone dramatic land cover change may show negligible difference in total streamflow, but streamflow simulations using dynamic land cover parameters for a highly altered subwatershed clearly demonstrate the effects of changing land cover on simulated streamflow. Incorporating dynamic parameterization in these highly altered watersheds can reduce the predictive uncertainty in simulations of streamflow using PRMS. Hydrologic models that do not consider the projected changes in land cover may be inadequate for water resource management planning for future conditions.     

Water Balances of Two Piedmont Headwater Catchments: Implications for Regional Hydrologic Landscape Classification

In the Piedmont of North Carolina, a traditionally water‐rich region, reservoirs that serve over 1 million people are under increasing pressure due to naturally occurring droughts and increasing land development. Innovative development approaches aim to maintain hydrologic conditions of the undisturbed landscape, but are based on insufficient target information. This study uses the hydrologic landscape concept to evaluate reference hydrology in small headwater catchments surrounding Falls Lake, a reservoir serving Raleigh and the greater Triangle area. Researchers collected one year of detailed data on water balance components, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow, and shallow subsurface storage from two headwater catchments representative of two hydrologic landscapes defined by differences in soils and topographic characteristics. The two catchments are similar in size and lie within the same physiographic region, and during the study period they showed similar water balances of 26‐30% Q, ?4 to 5% ΔS, 59‐65% evapotranspiration, and 9‐10% G. However, the steeper, more elevated catchment exhibited perennial streamflow and nongrowing season runoff ratios (Q/P) of 33%, whereas the flat, low‐lying stream was drier during the growing season and exhibited Q/P ratios of 52% during the nongrowing season. A hydrologic landscape defined by topography and soil characteristics helps characterize local‐scale reference hydrology and may contribute to better land management decisions.