三峡小江回水区蓝藻季节变化及其与主要环境因素的相互关系

三峡水库支流回水区富营养化和水华近年来备受关注.通过对库区小江流域回水区段蓝藻群落组成及丰度的监测研究发现,2007年5月~2008年5月小江回水区共鉴定出蓝藻15属,40种,其细胞密度均值为(23.50±10.30)×105cells.L-1,占藻类总密度的24.1%,生物量均值为(768.70±287.40)μg.L-1,占藻类总生物量的8.9%.蓝藻丰度季节变化明显,春末夏初为蓝藻的繁盛期,盛夏后蓝藻丰度逐渐下降,并在冬季达到全年最低水平.鱼腥藻、平裂藻、束丝藻、席藻、微囊藻是常见蓝藻,它们的细胞密度总和约占蓝藻细胞总密度的79.1%,生物量总和约占蓝藻总生物量的77.6%,是小江回水区蓝藻的优势种群.对蓝藻丰度和营养物、温度、透明度、真光层深度等环境因素的相关性分析发现,小江回水区蓝藻生长对无机态氮、磷的吸收利用显著,且蓝藻生长摄取硝态氮可能比利用氨氮更加明显.温度升高、水下光学透射性能下降有利于蓝藻细胞密度和生物量的增加.结合研究同期水文、气象条件的观测结果,发现在降雨、径流的作用下,水土流失严重的小江回水区氮、磷营养物同泥沙一起输入水体,为蓝藻生长提供丰厚的物质基础.受泥沙颗粒的影响,水体混浊度提高而真光层深度减少,蓝藻自身对低光照、高浊条件的敏感性及其悬浮生长机制促其能够在上层水体大量生长并形成优势.     

太行山区水循环及其对华北平原地下水补给的研究

山区水循环研究不仅对山区本身, 对与其相连的山前平原地下水的补给也具有重要意义。太 行山区作为华北平原的重要水源补给区, 其水循环现状以及对华北平原地下水的补给研究尚少, 许 多机理还不明确。研究通过阐述山区水循环过程与机理, 结合地处太行山中段的牛家庄实验流域的 实例研究, 对太行山区对华北平原地下水的补给过程进行了分析。2004 年4-11 月的研究结果表 明, 牛家庄流域对山前的侧向补给量为1.53×106m3, 补给系数(补给总量/降水总量)为0.242。流域的 下游补给系数最大, 中游次之, 上游最小。最后, 用概念模型对太行山区流域水循环机制和山前侧向 补给的机理进行了阐述。     

西北地区大型内陆盆地地下水系统演化特征分析

论文对西北地区各大型内陆盆地地下水系统中含水系统的结构特征和地下水径流特征进行了对比分析。利用模糊数学方法对内陆盆地各流域地表水与地下水相互转化模式进行了识别,结果表明,各流域地表水与地下水相互转化不仅在形式上是一致的,而且在量化比例上也具有非常的相似性。文章还就水文环境变化和人类活动对地下水系统演化规律的影响进行了探讨。在此基础上,对西北地区内陆盆地水资源合理开发利用提出了一些合理化建议。     

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FLOODING DAMAGE ON A USA/QUEBEC RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: There is a general belief in the public eye that extreme events such as floods are becoming more and more common. This paper explores this hypothesis by examining the historical evolution of annual expected flooding damage on the Chateauguay River Basin, located at the border between the United States and the province of Quebec, Canada. A database of basin land use was constructed for the years 1930 and 1995 to assess anthropogenic changes and their impact on the basin's hydrology. The progressive modification of the likelihood of a flooding event over the same period was then investigated using homogeneity and statistical tests on available hydrometric data. The evolution of the annual expected flooding damage was then evaluated using a coupled hydrologic/hydraulic simulator linked to a damage analysis model. The simulator and model were used to estimate flooding damage over a wide range of flooding return periods, for conditions prevailing in 1963 and 1995. Results of the analysis reveal the absence of any increasing or decreasing trend in the historical occurrence of flooding events. However, a general increase in the annual expected flooding damage was observed for all studied river sections. This increase is linked to an historical increase in damages for a given flooding event, and is the result of unbridled construction and development within the flood zone. To assess for future trends, this study also examined the potential impacts linked to the anticipated global warming. Results indicate that a significant increase in seasonal flooding events and annual expected flooding damage is possible over the next century. In fact, what is now considered a 100‐year flooding event for the summer/fall season could become a ten‐year event by the end of this century. This shows that potential future impacts linked to climate change should be considered now by engineers, land planners, and decision makers. This is especially critical if a design return period is part of the decision making process.     

利用方式对红壤硝化作用的水分效应的影响

风干过程是土壤水分丢失的过程,研究亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用对水分水平的响应,有助于分析干土效应对硝化作用影响.本试验以分别发育于第四纪红土(Quaternary red earth,Q)和红砂岩(Tertiary red sandstone,S)、利用方式为水稻(rice,R)与旱地(upland,U)的4个农田土壤的风干土为供试材料,分别加入铵态氮0和150mg·kg-1,在5个即时水分含量下室内培养35d.结果表明,土壤水分水平显著影响供试土壤的硝化作用(p0.01),但影响程度因利用方式而异.对供试条件下无外源铵输入的处理而言,旱地土壤QU和SU硝化率的极差分别为11%和8%,显著低于水稻土的硝化率极差(QR与SR分别为35%和20%).外源铵的加入增加了土壤硝化率的极差,土壤QR、QU、SR和SU硝化率的极差分别达到56%、26%、31%、26%,且随水分水平的增高,加铵有促进土壤酸化的趋势.总之,利用方式显著影响了土壤硝化作用对水分效应的响应,进而体现为干土效应的差异.     

基于海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式下小气候效应研究

以海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式(草地、农田、白榆林地、刺槐林地、白榆刺槐混交林地)为研究对象,以裸地为对照,采用定点观测的方法,对海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式下的光照强度、大气温度、相对湿度、5 cm、10 cm处的土壤温度和0～10 cm、10～20 cm的土壤含水量等小气候因子进行连续观测,分析小气候因子的日变化、日较差和日均值。研究结果表明:不同复垦模式均有降温、增湿、保水、减小日较差和日均值的功能。不同复垦模式对小气候调节能力表现为白榆刺槐混交林地白榆林地刺槐林地农田草地裸地。海州露天矿排土场随着植被的恢复,小气候和环境得到良好的改善。     

城市环境空气质量指数范围预报方法初探

城市环境空气质量指数预报是环境信息公众服务的重要内容,以城市24 h空气质量指数预报为例,探讨了其范围预报方法,并通过均方差的数理统计方法,分析典型城市每日空气质量指数实况数据的波动范围以及预报与实况偏差,针对不同空气质量级别提出建议性的空气质量指数预报变化幅度修正范围,并对预报过程中的质量控制技术进行了初步讨论。     

广州城市玻璃幕墙建筑不同季节光环境影响分析

通过对广州市玻璃幕墙建筑在不同季节、不同时段光环境影响的监测,分析影响玻璃幕墙建筑光污染的重要因素,评价了玻璃幕墙建筑在不同季节、不同时段造成光污染的危害,估算玻璃幕墙建筑的光环境污染程度及范围,提出了玻璃幕墙建筑光污染的防控建议,以期为城市玻璃建筑光污染控制与管理提供科学依据。     

综合管廊兼顾疏散能力分析及辐射范围研究*

为研究综合管廊在安全疏散中的作用，应用Pathfinder疏散仿真软件对综合管廊疏散能力模拟分析，得出不同断面管廊通道、各疏散口部、楼梯处通过能力，分析管廊人员在单车、步行疏散速度下覆盖范围与事故波及范围，通过两者交集得到综合管廊疏散辐射范围。结果表明:综合管廊具备一定兼顾疏散能力，得出的通过能力可指导综合管廊人流量监控器布局，提供各部位人流量上限取值，预防拥堵和踩踏事故发生，为化工园区制定疏散方案提供新思路。     

Framing the search for a theory of land use

ABSTRACT

Land system science and affiliated research linked to sustainability require improved understanding and theorization of land and its change as a social-ecological system (SES). The absence of a general land-use theory, anchored in the social subsystem but with explicit links to the environmental subsystem, hampers this effort. Drawing on land-use explanations, meta-analyses, and associated frameworks, we advance a broad framework structure of eight elements – aggregations of explanatory variables – with links to the biophysical subsystem, for systematic comparisons of extant explanations. Tests and models can be employed to identify which set of variables and their configurations provide robust explanations of across land uses, identifying the potential for theory development. The framework and its application are applicable to both top-down and bottom-up explanatory approaches employed in the social sciences. Links to the environmental subsystem invite future exploration of SES explanations that reach across the different dimensions of global change and sustainability science.