海洋环境腐蚀模拟试验装置的优化设计与研制

本文介绍了基于GB/T 19746—2005/ISO 11130:1999等材料腐蚀性能试验标准的试验装置设计要求以及试验装置的主要组成。重点是添加了温度控制系统,优化了潮差控制系统,模拟了海洋波浪。本试验装置是一种结构简单、能够较真实模拟海洋环境腐蚀的试验装置。该试验装置研制成功,为研究海洋用材料的腐蚀行为与机理提供重要的技术设备支持。     

北江流域水文特征变异研究

水文特征变异研究是水文学研究中的重点之一。水文特征变异不仅包括时间、空间上的概念,还包括属性上的概念。研究水文序列在属性、时间及空间上的变异,才能够全面地反映水文序列的变异情况。论文探讨了水文特征变异的内涵,提出水文特征变异是研究对象或现象在属性、时间和空间上的变异量度。以北江流域径流量及降雨量资料为基础,全面分析了属性范畴下及时空范畴下北江流域水文序列的变异情况。结果表明:1992-2006年的径流量序列和1973-2006年的径流量序列相对于1956-1972年的径流量序列都发生了变异;从重心移动方向来看,北江流域在1959、1967、1975和1983年移动方向发生了转折,从重心移动的距离来看,降雨重心离多年平均较远的年份分别是1967、1975、1983和2000年。     

宽域灰色聚类法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用

利用宽域灰色聚类法评价土壤环境质量,先构造白化函数,引入修正系数,确定污染物权重,再计算聚类系数实现土壤样本的环境质量等级评判与排序。将此方法应用于太原市5个区县,8项指标的土壤质量评价,并与综合指数法、模糊综合评判法相比较,结果表明模糊综合评判法与宽域灰色聚类法对于5个区县的污染级别的评价结果是一致的,而综合指数法对前四个评价点级别均比上述两种方法低一个级别,三种方法的质量排序大致相同,只有模糊综合评价中认为小店区优于万柏林区。     

人工神经网络结构对径流预报精度的影响分析

建立了基于径流形成机理的以时段降水量与前期径流量为预报因子的前向多层人工神经网络径流预报模型；分析了网络结构对月径流预报精度的影响，发现随网络结构的复杂化，网络训练误差减小，模型评定的确定性系数增大，并均趋于稳定，预报检验的确定性系数总趋势是减小；发现影响模型精度的决定因素是网络输入单元数，亦即径流影响因素；提出了以模型评定与预报检验共同高效或等效的模型选择的折衷方法，以及按模型适宜预报域进行多模型组合预报的最佳预报域组合法。     

Home range overlap of mothers and their offspring in the sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa

This paper reports a field investigation of interactions between juveniles and their mothers in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. In their first spring season, juvenile lizards maintain home ranges largely within the home range of their mother. Juvenile home ranges are significantly smaller than those of adult males and females, and juveniles move significantly less often and significantly shorter distances than adults. While siblings were never found together in the spring, they showed a significant tendency to be closer to each other than if they were randomly located in their home ranges. Juveniles and mothers were never found together, nor was there any evidence for any positive (or negative) spatial association. Nevertheless, the extended tolerance of home range overlap represents a greater degree of mother-offspring association than has been previously reported for other lizards. Despite this, the level of parental care can only be described as minimal. Received: 20 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 29 December 1997     

阿图什市不同类型的炉灶及能源消耗现状调查评价

对不同类型的炉灶煤耗及污染物的排放量进行了定量计算,在大量的统计资料及监测数据的基础上,分析阿图什市各类型炉灶燃煤及污染物排放的情况,并通过定量计算进行了探讨,提出相关的对策和建议.     

某厂煤气洗涤塔煤气泄漏中毒事故分析

针对某钢铁厂煤气事故,使用定性分析的方法,对喷淋塔泄水作业的试验数据进行了分析,煤气泄漏造成人员中毒原因进行了论证,得出了一些结论,并据此分析煤气泄漏后可能导致人员死亡的范围,为今后采取控制措施提供依据。     

多源降水数据在长江上游流域比较研究

降水是洪水预报重要的输入因子,是保证洪水预报精度的前提条件。提出一种从站点、子流域以及全流域3种空间尺度上评价水情遥测降水数据精度的方法。采用该方法,以国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据为基准,针对覆盖宜昌-宜宾425 000 km2的377个遥测雨量站降雨数据进行精度评价。在日、月时间尺度上,综合评价了中国长江三峡集团所属的遥测雨量数据精度特征。结果表明,其遥测雨量数据与国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据,具有较高的相关度,相关指标R2到达0.81。部分数据受到地形以及站点位置差异等因素的影响,存在一定差异。这些差异为雨量站的调整和补充提供重要依据。为验证其他遥测站网的降水数据精度提供了范例,利用该方法,可对运行多年的遥测雨量站网进行评价,也可开展多源降水融合相关工作,提高地面遥测降水数据的代表性和准确性。     

Spatial memory, habitat auto-facilitation and the emergence of fractal home range patterns

Animals interact with their habitat in a manner which involves both negative and positive feedback mechanisms. We apply a specific modeling approach, “multi-scaled random walk”, for the scenario where a spatially explicit positive feedback process emerges from a combination of a spatial memory-dependent tendency to return to familiar patches and a consequently objective or subjective improvement of the quality of these patches (habitat auto-facilitation). In addition to the potential for local resource improvement from physically altering a patch, primarily known from the ecology of grazing ungulates, auto-facilitation from site fidelity may also embed more subtle subjective, individual-specific advantages from patch familiarity. Under the condition of resource superabundance, fitness gain from intra-home range patch fidelity creates a self-reinforcing use of the preferred patches on expense of a broader foraging in a priori equally favorable patches. Through this process, our simulations show that a spatially fractal dispersion of accumulated locations of the individual will emerge under the given model assumptions. Based on a conjecture that intra-home range patch fidelity depends on spatial memory we apply the multi-scaled random walk model to construct a spatially explicit habitat suitability parameter H_ij, which quantifies the dispersion of the generally most constraining resource from the individual's perspective. An intra-home range set of observed H-scores, H_obs, can then be estimated from a simple 2-scale calculation that is derived from the local dispersion of fixes. We show how the spatially explicit habitat utilization index H_obs not necessarily correlates positively with the local density fluctuations of fixes. The H-index solves some well-known problems from using the pattern of local densities of telemetry fixes - the classic utilization distribution - as a proxy variable for relative intra-home range habitat quality and resource selection. A pilot study on a set of telemetry fixes collected from a herd of free-ranging domestic sheep with overlapping summer home ranges illustrates how the H-index may be estimated and interpreted as a first-level approach towards a more extensive analysis of intra-home range habitat resource availability and patch preferences. Spatial memory in combination with site fidelity requires a modeling framework that explicitly describes the property of positive feedback mechanism under auto-facilitation in a spatio-temporally explicit manner.     

新沟河排水对太湖水环境影响研究

太湖西北部尤其是梅梁湖水质较差,新沟河延伸拓浚工程实施后,可通过外排梅梁湖水改变太湖的水动力水质环境.利用Mike21建立太湖二维水动力水质数学模型,研究该工程实施后对太湖水动力水质的影响.研究得到:新沟河工程实施后,可有效改善梅梁湖的水动力条件,梅梁湖换水周期缩短13.3％;同时,梅梁湖CODMn、 TP、TN等主要...