几种氨氮吸附剂的对比实验研究

为给人工快速渗滤系统提供可行的填料,研究了煅烧贝壳、沸石、麦饭石、蛭石、中砂和细砂对氨氮的吸附效果。实验采用100 mg／L的氯化铵溶液作为初始溶液,结果表明,6种填料均具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的吸附特点。经过11 h的吸附,煅烧后的贝壳对于氨氮的吸附量为0．993 mg／g。各个氨氮初始浓度梯次下,沸石的最大吸附量均超过其它5种填料,具有明显的氨氮吸附效果。     

煤矿火区快速封闭泄爆门研究

目前煤矿发生火灾事故后,火区封闭时间过长极易引发瓦斯爆炸等次生灾害,且煤矿现有的阻隔爆技术存在许多 不足,针对这些问题,研发一种用于煤矿火区的快速封闭泄爆门。通过对泄爆门的结构设计、封闭与泄爆机制及有益效 果等方面进行阐述,并采用流体力学FLUENT软件计算得出不同数量泄爆窗的泄爆门与监控泄爆门前截面的压力、速度之 间的变化情况。结果表明:6个泄爆窗比2个泄爆窗的封闭时间快1 200 ms,快速封闭时间节省了68.57%。随着泄爆窗的 增多,瓦斯爆炸冲击波压力和传播速度都大幅度降低。当煤矿发生火灾事故封闭火区时,快速封闭泄爆门不仅具有快速 密闭功能,也同时具有泄爆功能,为煤矿安全提供新的隔爆技术。     

植物离体快繁中若干关键技术的预防措施

菌类污染，褐变现象和玻璃化现象，是植物离体快繁中的三大难题，现已严重影响植物离体培养与快繁体系的建立．本文较详细地论述了这三大难题出现的原因，进而提出预防及控制的措施。     

水中钙离子现场快速测定方法研究

通过研制一种测试管 ,从而能简便、快速的测定水中的钙离子。该测试管尤其适宜于现场即时监测 ,具有快速、简便、抗干扰能力强和价格低廉等特点     

人工快渗系统处理生活污水的试验研究

文章用自制的实验室快速渗滤系统模拟反应器对某校中水站的生活污水进行处理。研究结果表明,此套实验室模拟快渗处理生活污水系统对COD、TN、TP去除效果良好,壤土在三个周期对COD的去除率最大值为91.5%,TN为66.0%,TP为73.3%。由此试验得出最佳生活污水处理条件为壤土作为滤料,滤料高度为50cm,布水时间为2d淹水,4d落干。复合系统的处理效果优于单一介质的系统。     

A Contemporary,Sex‐Limited Change in Body Size of an Estuarine Turtle in Response to Commercial Fishing

Abstract: Juvenile growth rate and adult body size are important components of life‐history strategies because of their direct impact on fitness. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a sexually dimorphic, long‐lived turtle inhabiting brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of its range, terrapins face anthropogenically imposed mortality: juveniles of both sexes inadvertently enter commercial crab traps and drown. For adult females, the carapace eventually grows large enough that they cannot enter traps, whereas males almost never reach that critical size. We compared age structure, carapace dimensions, growth curves, and indices of sexual dimorphism for a Chesapeake Bay population of terrapins (where mortality of turtles is high due to crab traps) with contemporary terrapins from Long Island Sound and museum specimens from Chesapeake Bay (neither group subject to commercial crab traps). We also calculated the allochronic and synchronic rates of evolutionary change (haldanes) for males and females to measure the rate of trait change in a population or between populations, respectively. We found a dramatic shift to a younger male age structure, a decrease in the length of time to terminal female carapace size, a 15% increase in female carapace width, and an increase in sexual dimorphism in Chesapeake Bay. In a new twist, our results implicate a fishery in the selective increase in size of a reptilian bycatch species. These sex‐specific changes in life history and demography have implications for population viability that need to be considered when addressing conservation of this threatened turtle.     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

我国地震应急指挥技术体系初探

地震应急指挥技术系统是防震减灾建设的核心内容。”十五”期间,将建设中国地震应急指挥技术系统。目前我国在这方面的研究和建设尚处于初级阶段,其体系结构,关键构成、设计和实现还有许多问题值得进一步研究和探讨。根据所从事的项目建设过程,对地震应急指挥技术系统的体系结构进行了阐述,介绍了在此基础上开展的首都圈地震应急指挥系统建设工作,并就今后的发展进行了讨论。     

分光光度法快速测定化学耗氧量

本方法是重铬酸钾法改进与仪器自动测定法相结合的一种快速分析方法，氧化消耗量是重铬酸钾法的十分之一，测定时间仅４０分钟，操作简便，适合于工厂污水处理场中间控制分析要求。     

环境有毒有害物质快速鉴别方法与应用

频发的污染事故严重影响环境质量,危害人群健康,事故的源解析和修复成为了关键问题。而传统的靶向分析方法无法胜任实际工作需求。因此,本研究建立了1)有毒有害物质清单;2)一种针对有毒有害物质的快速高效鉴别方法。将上述方法应用于某场地污染事件,成功筛查鉴定出30种环境高关注度物质,通过数据库比对进一步鉴定了6种危废物质,通过购买标准样品成功验证了4种物质。同时,还通过文献查阅与标样比对确认了另外2种有毒物质。因此,本研究建立的有毒有害物质快速筛查方法为实际环境中的污染物快速鉴别提供了一种可靠的、可行的方法。