改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.     

小麦对纳米银的吸收及毒性响应

以纳米银（AgNPs）为研究对象,Ag⁺（AgNO₃）为对照,通过添加半胱氨酸（L-cysteine）探讨小麦对AgNPs的吸收累积和毒性响应.小麦幼苗于不同浓度的AgNPs悬浮液中培养4h后,根系出现氧化应激反应和细胞膜损伤,丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量分别由对照组的（2.9±0.5）nmol/L/mgprot和（8.6±1.2）U/mgprot增加至（4.9±1.5）nmol/L/mgprot和（12.4±1.2）U/mgprot.半胱氨酸缓解了AgNO₃对小麦的毒性并使小麦对AgNO₃的吸收速率常数从（275.4±12.3）L/（kg×h）降低到（210.8±11.2）L/（kg×h）.然而,半胱氨酸并没有缓解AgNPs对小麦的毒性,且AgNPs的吸收速率常数没有显著性变化[（12.6±0.8）和（11.2±0.6）L/（kg×h）].这说明AgNPs对小麦的有效性和毒性不仅来源于其释放的Ag⁺,还来源于纳米颗粒本身.通过进一步计算AgNPs暴露液中不同形态Ag的吸收速率常数,发现Ag⁺吸收速率常数最高[（275.4±12.3）L/（kg×h）],Ag-cysteine络合物吸收速率常数次之[（210.8±11.2）L/（kg×h）],纳米颗粒吸收速率常数最低[1.6L/（kg×h）].实验中建立了吸收速率常数预测方程,该方程预测结果与实验观测结果一致,说明该方程能够较好地描述小麦吸收AgNPs的具体过程.     

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of O3 with three unsaturated alcohols

Rate constants for the reactions of ozone with 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol and 1-nonen-4-ol have been determined at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure for the first time. The experiments were performed in a 100-L FEP Teflon film bag using absolute rate method; the rate constants were(1.91 ± 0.19) × 10~(-17),(1.89 ± 0.20) × 10~(-17), and(0.83 ± 0.08) × 10~(-17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) for 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol, and 1-nonen-4-ol, respectively. The rate constants have been compared with those of unsaturated alcohols structural homologs, and used to estimate the reaction reactivity. The electronegativity of carbon–carbon double bond was calculated by atomic charges analysis. The calculated results show that the electronic effect of the lone pair electrons of hydroxyl oxygen is the main cause of the difference in rate coefficient. According to the obtained rate constants, the atmospheric lifetimes of studied unsaturated alcohols were also estimated, which indicates that the reaction with ozone is an important loss pathway in the atmosphere, especially in polluted areas.     

有机化合物在自然沉积物上吸附与解吸动力学常数快速测定方法

本文以二室模型为基础，研究了一种简便，快速测定有机物在自然沉积物上吸附与解吸速率常数的方法。     

根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对虹鳟的LC50值

根据 2 58种有机物对虹鳟的 96h半数致死浓度 (LC50 )实测值建立了预测有机物对虹鳟LC50 的片段常数估算模型 .讨论了模型的误差和稳健性 .结果表明 ,有机物的片段常数及结构因子与虹鳟log1 /LC50 之间具有很好的定量关系 .可以根据化合物片段估算其对虹鳟的半数致死浓度 .最终模型的可决系数为 0 94 95,平均误差0 4 2个对数单位 .无论就单一化合物或化合物类别而言 ,模型均具有较高的稳健性     

Kinetic and products study of the gas-phase reaction of Lewisite with ozone under atmospheric conditions

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O_3 and Lewisite was studied in air using the smog chamber technique. The experiments were carried out under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions with [O_3] [Lewisite]. The observed rate constant of O_3 with Lewisite was(7.83 ± 0.38) × 10~(-19)cm~3/(molecule·sec) at 298 ± 2 K. Lewisite was discussed in terms of reactivity with O_3 and its relationship with the ionization potential. Our results show that the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O_3 with Lewisite is in line with the trend of the rate constants of O_3 with haloalkenes.     

某型胶粘剂加速贮存试验及寿命评估

目的评估某型胶粘剂的寿命。方法通过恒定应力试验方法对某胶粘剂进行三个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验。结果胶粘剂在100,80,60℃三种高温老化温度下的老化90 d后的剪切强度均明显大于初始剪切强度12.225 MPa。结论高温老化过程中,胶粘剂发生了明显的退化现象。温度越高,性能退化越快。由性能退化曲线拟合得到了胶粘剂高温老化的加速因子,评估了胶粘剂的常温贮存寿命至少为17.1年。     

3-甲基丁酮与OH自由基反应的速率常数及其机理研究

在(298±3)K的温度下,采用相对速率法测得了3-甲基丁酮与OH自由基在气相中的反应速率常数:k=(2·6±0·4)×10~(-12)cm~3·molecule~(-1)·s~(-1).该结果与根据结构活性法估算的结果相一致.实验中还测定了该反应的主要产物:丙酮、甲醛和过氧乙酰基硝酸酯(PAN),讨论了该气体在NOx存在下与OH自由基反应的机理.根据上述实验结果讨论了3-甲基丁酮对对流层臭氧浓度的影响:3-甲基丁酮在大气对流层中的氧化反应活性不高,它的主要氧化产物丙酮同样具有低的反应活性.因此,3-甲基丁酮对大气中臭氧生成的贡献不是很大.     

分子定量结构与生物降解性关系模型的研究进展及性能评价

介绍不同的分子定量结构与生物降解性关系（QSBR）模型,对每种模型的相关性和有效性进行客观的比较,并对每种QSBR模型的应用进行详细的描述。研究表明,只有用广泛的分子结构进行可生化性判断的模型才是最有效的。     

Use of different organic wastes in reducing the potential leaching of propanil,isoxaben, cadusafos and pencycuron through the soil

In this study, we examined the effect of four different organic wastes (OW)—composted sheep manure (CSM), spent coffee grounds (SCG), composted pine bark (CPB) and coir (CR)—on the potential groundwater pollution of propanil and isoxaben (herbicides), cadusafos (insecticide) and pencycuron (fungicide) under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, leaching studies were conducted using disturbed soil columns filled with a clay loam soil (Hipercalcic calcisol). The addition of organic matter (OM) drastically reduced the movement of the studied pesticides. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of agro-industrial and composted OW in reducing the groundwater pollution by pesticide drainage.