浙江西沪港重金属Pb的配位容量及其形态

根据2000年6月l0(14日在浙江西沪港采集的海水样品，用AA-800石墨炉原子吸收分光光度技术和阳极溶出伏安法测定样品中重金属Pb的含量，获得Pb在海水中受特定的有机配体控制结果如下：(1)溶解态Pb的表观配位容量和条件稳定常数分别为50．0nmol／dm^3和9．73，表层海水中Pb溶解态总量为1．92nmol／dm^3。(2)不同胶体粒级(小于或等于0．2、0．4、1．0μm粒级)中Pb的含量分别为1．25、1．67、2．11nmol／dm^3；其中于0．2～0．4μm粒级间的颗粒物含Pb的量为0．42nmol/dm^3；于1．0～0．4μm粒级间的颗粒物含Pb的量为0．44nmol／dm^3。     

基于烟雾箱模拟的己烯醇与O3气相反应的动力学研究

为了研究O₃与挥发性不饱和醇的动力学常数以及反应活性差异的原因,使用绝对速率法在烟雾箱中对5种己烯醇和O₃的反应动力学进行研究.结果表明:Z-2-己烯-1-醇、E-2-己烯-1-醇、Z-4-己烯-1-醇、E-4-己烯-1-醇、5-己烯-1-醇与O₃在298 K、101 325 Pa下的反应动力学常数分别为（8.94×10-17±0.80×10-17）、（13.95×10-17±0.48×10-17）、（8.82×10-17±0.31×10-17）（10.01×10-17±1.03×10-17）和（0.82×10-17±0.04×10-17）cm3/（molecule·s）,并通过理论计算结果来解释和讨论动力学常数的变化趋势,发现不同烯醇与O₃反应的活性会受到—OH和双键相对位置的影响.通过试验所得动力学数据与大气氧化剂平均浓度计算得到各种己烯醇的大气寿命,发现O₃、OH自由基和NO₃自由基在消除Z-2-己烯-1-醇、E-2-己烯-1-醇、Z-4-己烯-1-醇和E-4-己烯-1-醇的过程中均属于竞争反应,但在高O₃污染地区,这4种己烯醇的消除是由O₃所主导的,5-己烯-1-醇因结构的原因,其大气寿命较长,超过7 h.研究显示:O₃对这5种己烯醇的清除作用明显;研究数据为环境空气质量预测模式提供了相关的动力学参数;己烯醇中各官能团的不同位置对其与O₃反应活性的影响结果,可为类似烯醇与O₃的反应速率常数的测定和预测提供理论支持.      

月牙藻、四尾栅藻生长的氮营养动力学特征

文章通过分批培养试验比较研究了在水产养殖废水处理中的相对优势的藻种——月牙藻和四尾栅藻在磷浓度一定的前提下,对不同初始氮浓度生长的响应,并应用Monod方程计算了两种受试藻种对氮的生长动力学参数:最大比增殖速率(μmax)及半饱和常数(K)s。结果显示,月牙藻的最大比增殖速率为0.410 d-1,半饱和常数为0.297 mg/L;四尾栅藻的最大比增殖速率为0.328 d-1,半饱和常数为0.471 mg/L。据此可以预测,当磷浓度一定时,无论是在低氮还是高氮浓度下,月牙藻比四尾栅藻更容易形成优势藻。     

华北平原耕作土壤特性对基因工程菌迁移的影响

基因工程菌在土壤中的迁移是影响污染土壤生物强化修复的重要因素.在华北平原饱和耕作土壤中,考察了1株阿特拉津降解基因工程菌迁移留存及其影响因素.结果表明,在饱和耕作土壤中,平流渗透是基因工程菌迁移的主要机制,其过程可用过滤模型拟合.土壤性质对孔隙水流和基因工程菌迁移具有显著影响.随着土壤粒径、孔隙率和土壤砂粒组分增加,土壤水力传导率常数增大,基因工程菌过滤系数减小,土壤对基因工程菌过滤留存作用降低.土壤条件不变时,增加入渗流量也会增大土壤水力传导率常数,减小基因工程菌过滤系数.饱和土壤中,水力传导率常数为5.02~6.70 m·d-1时,基因工程菌在土壤中的过滤系数为0.105~0.274,二者存在显著负相关关系.     

O3与异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯反应速率常数的测定

利用搭建的流动反应系统研究了两种生物源排放的挥发性有机物异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯与O3的反应动力学.实验采用绝对速率法,以保证异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯浓度远远高于臭氧浓度,在准一级实验条件下获得反应的速率常数信息.首先,利用该装置测得了臭氧与异戊二烯和α-蒎烯的反应速率常数,发现其与文献报道值在误差范围内非常吻合,验证了实验装置和实验方法的可靠性.进而实验测定了298 K和1.01×105Pa条件下异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯与O3的气相反应速率常数,分别为(1.78±0.24)×10-16和(1.54±0.18)×10-16cm3·molecule-1·s-1.利用测得的速率常数和大气中臭氧浓度,估算得到两种叶醇酯与臭氧反应的大气寿命约在2 h甚至更短,说明与臭氧的反应是它们在大气中的一种非常重要的消除途径,尤其是在污染严重地区.     

恒电流模式下污泥电渗透的脱水性能及能耗分析

对传统机械脱水后的污泥采用电渗透技术进行二次脱水,在恒电流模式下研究了电流密度、机械压力、污泥厚度、初始含水率对脱水效率及能耗的影响.结果表明:在恒电流模式下,增加电流密度和初始含水率及降低污泥厚度对污泥电渗透脱水速率有促进作用.脱水后的最终含水率随着机械压力和初始含水率的增加及污泥厚度的降低而降低.电渗透脱水的最佳工艺参数为:电流密度为178.3 A·m~(-2),机械压力为31.4k Pa,污泥厚度为0.8 cm,初始含水率为81.5%,脱水后污泥的含水率可降至51. 3%.恒电流模式下污泥电渗透脱水单位能耗为0. 135～0. 269kW·h·kg~(-1),初始含水率对能耗影响最大,初始含水率每增加2%,单位能耗平均降低0.05 kW·h·kg~(-1).     

Photostabilization of the botanical insecticide azadirachtin in the presence of lecithin as UV protectant

Abstract

The phytochemical insecticide, azadirachtin (AZ), undergoes UV‐induced photodegradation. Using the isomer AZ‐A as a standard, its photochemical stability was studied with and without adding lecithin surfactant as a UV protectant. Standard solutions of pure AZ‐A and Margosan‐O^® were prepared in methanol‐hexane with (AZ‐A:lecithin, 1:2 by weight) and without lecithin, applied separately onto glass plates and maple (Acer L.) foliage and exposed to radiant energy under controlled conditions. Noticeable photostabilization of AZ‐A was achieved in the samples containing lecithin compared to AZ‐A samples without the lecithin additive. First‐order kinetic evaluation of the data showed that the DTy₅₀ (half‐life) and C (rate constant) values for AZ‐A with and without lecithin on glass plates were 5.68 d and 0.122, and 5.42 d and 0.128, respectively. The corresponding values for the Margosan‐0 formulation were 7.37 d and 0.094, and 6.24 d and 0.111. The DT₅₀ and C values for the pure AZ‐A on maple foliage with and without lecithin were 8.77 d and 0.079, and 6.54 d and 0.106, respectively. The corresponding values for the Margosan‐0 formulation on foliage were 8.35 d and 0.083, and 7.45 d and 0.093. The kinetic data gave quantitative information regarding the photostabilization of AZ‐A in the presence of lecithin. Good UV protection can only be achieved if the additive has the matching X_max of AZ‐A. The mechanism of photostabilization of AZ‐A in the presence of lecithin was due to either energy transfer from the excited AZ‐A to lecithin and/or competitive absorption of UV photons by the latter.     

Predicting EDC concentrations in a river mixing zone

The fate and transport of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in ambient river waters is a major concern associated with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the spatial distribution of EDCs in a river mixing zone. The core of the technical analysis is based on a two-dimensional steady-state analytical model characterized by ambient turbulence in the receiving water. This model was first calibrated with mass transport data from field measurements for a conservative substance (electrical conductivity) and then used to predict aqueous-phase EDC concentrations throughout a WWTP mixing zone. To demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for water quality management purposes, the modeling framework presented in this paper was used to determine a lumped in-stream attenuation rate constant (k_d = 3 d⁻¹) for 17β-estradiol under natural conditions. This rate constant likely accounts for the combined contributions of physical sorption, photolysis, microbial and chemical degradation, and the measured value is highly consistent with previously published results from bench-scale removal experiments.     

Henry's law constants of chlorinated solvents at elevated temperatures

Henry’s law constants for 12 chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) were measured as a function of temperature ranging from 8 to 93 °C, using the modified equilibrium partitioning in closed system (EPICS) method. The chlorinated compounds include tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, and chloromethane. The variation in Henry’s constants for these compounds as a function of temperature ranged from around 3-fold (chloroethane) to 30-fold (1,2-dichloroethane). Aqueous solubilities of the pure compounds were measured over the temperature range of 8-75 °C. The temperature dependence of Henry’s constant was predicted using the ratio of pure vapor pressure to aqueous solubility, both of which are functions of temperature. The calculated Henry’s constants are in a reasonable agreement with the measured results. With the improved data on Henry’s law constants at high temperatures measured in this study, it will be possible to more accurately model subsurface remediation processes that operate near the boiling point of water.