Objective: This study explores the influence of mobile phone secondary tasks on driving from the perspective of visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor (VACP) multiple resource theory, and it is anticipated to benefit the human-centered design of mobile phone use while driving.
Methods: The present study investigated 6 typical phone use scenarios while driving and analyzed the effects of phone use distractions on driving performance. Thirty-six participants were recruited to participate in this experiment. We abandoned traditional secondary tasks such as conversations or dialing, in which cognitive resources can become interference. Instead, we adopted an arrow secondary task and an n-back delayed digit recall task.
Results: The results show that all mobile phone use scenarios have a significant influence on driving performance, especially on lateral vehicle control. The visual plus psychomotor resource occupation scenario demonstrated the greatest deterioration of driving performance, and there was a significant deterioration of driving speed and steering wheel angle once the psychomotor resource was occupied.
Conclusions: Phone use distraction leads to visual, cognitive, and/or motor resource functional limitations and thus causes lane violations and traffic accidents. 相似文献
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献