元素沉积通量在重金属高分辨率沉积记录中应用——以洪湖为例

通过对洪湖沉积柱样重金属元素Hg,Pb及总有机碳(TOC)沉积通量的研究,揭示了洪湖一百年内,特别是近10年以来重金属污染物的沉积特征与变化。研究认为应用“元素沉积通量”分析重金属在沉积柱的高分辨沉积记录,能够很好弥补元素浓度的缺陷,其结果也很好地与湖区沉积物来源时间变化相吻合。     

清代四川水灾时空特征及受灾比风险测度

通过历史记录对清代四川省水灾逐年分等定级,以此研究清代四川水灾的时空变化特征。同时,基于信息扩散理论计算出受灾风险概率。结果表明：（1）清代（AD 1644—1911）共发生水灾1409县次,1861—1890为水患高发期,1825年后水灾强度显著上升。10 a尺度下水灾强度存在三次高峰,30 a尺度下清末期水灾强度持续增强。前期水灾周期为中长期振荡,1825年后水灾强度显著提高且以中短（8—15 a）周期性振荡为主。（2）水灾密集区主要位于山地-平原交界处的成都府、眉州、雅州府东部区域,受灾指数基尼系数为0.4615,水患平均中心位移较小。（3）全川受灾风险概率在受灾比为0.05—0.15时迅速下降,同等受灾比（0.2以下时）下,川东道受灾风险概率最高;而受灾比高于0.2时,川北道受灾风险最高。（4）东亚季风增强、人口暴露度增加、政治经济动荡造成的社会韧性下降和生态破坏可能是清末四川省水灾强度提高和规模扩大的重要原因。     

城市化过程中黑碳的土壤记录及其环境指示意义

以南京市为对象,通过3组共计10个土壤剖面的采样,用湿化学氧化法分析了土壤有机碳（organic carbon,OC）和黑碳（black carbon,BC）的含量.研究发现,南京城市土壤剖面中黑碳含量的变幅为0.22～32.19 g·kg^-1,平均值为4.35 g·kg^-1.第1组城市土壤剖面中黑碳含量的平均值为0.91 g·kg^-1,第2组为8.62 g·kg^-1,第3组为3.72 g·kg^-1.城市土壤剖面中BC/OC值的变幅为0.03～1.59,平均值为0.29,其中BC/OC平均值的大小顺序是：受古代工业活动影响的第2组最大,受现代工业和交通人为活动影响的第3组次之,受古代居民生活影响的第1组最低.研究认为,在城市化过程中,由于工业和交通等人类活动引起的生物物质和矿物燃料（煤、石油等）燃烧产生的BC在土壤中都有不同程度的沉积和记录.BC含量和BC/OC值的大小可能在一定程度上反映了不同人为影响过程和城市土壤的污染程度.城市区域BC的主要来源是矿物燃料燃烧,其中表层（现代层）主要来自交通车辆（尤其是柴油为动力的机车）排放的颗粒物质,而在古代（文化层）可能与燃烧用煤历史有关.     

乌江渡沉积物磷的污染特征及其对河流筑坝的响应

受息烽河输入的影响,乌江渡水库的磷污染问题一直备受关注,但水库上游水体磷的释放以及河流筑坝对水库磷污染的影响却没有引起太多的重视。本文通过对表层沉积物和沉积物柱芯中磷及其形态的分析,研究乌江渡沉积物磷的污染现状和历史变化趋势及其对河流筑坝的响应。结果表明:1)乌江渡水库沉积物磷污染现已非常严重,远高于国内其他湖库;2)乌江渡沉积物磷含量从上游至下游有递增的趋势,且主要由NaOH-P的增加所致;3)乌江渡沉积物磷的空间变化可能源于不同粒径颗粒物或藻类的沿程沉降,也可能源于水体中Fe²⁺被氧化后引起磷的沿程沉降,但真实原因还需要进一步的证实。这说明上游水库滞留在沉积物中的磷部分可能重新释放出来,导致乌江渡水库中上游沉积物磷的污染也相当严重。     

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.     

METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUGUST 27-28, 1971, NEW JERSEY FLOOD1

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the meteorological patterns that produced the combination of heavy rains in August 1971 that resulted in record floods in New Jersey. Daily and hourly precipitation data and selected recurrence frequencies of rainfall amounts are tabulated. History of previous heavy rainfalls in New Jersey indicates that occurrences of very heavy rains are frequently associated with tropical disturbances. Flood damages, fatalities, warnings issued and areas of record river stages are summarized.     

数字地震记录中干扰波的排除

本文介绍了用MATLAB工具软件实现对数字信号进行频谱分析和设计IIR数字滤波器的方法,对数字地震记录中的干扰波进行谱分析和排除,实现了目标要求。     

Problems of environmental protection and ecology on Bangladesh

The paper deals with the characteristics of Bangladesh basin including river morphology, rain fall pattern, cyclonic storms, forests and coastal area environment and ecosystem. It deals with factors which contribute to floods both natural and man-induced. The paper does with pollution problems including land and water use and indicates briefly policy measures and strategy adopted by government to combat problems of environment and ecology in Bangladesh.     

‘Are you prepared?’ Representations and management of floods in Lomanikoro,Rewa (Fiji)

The islands of Fiji, in the Western Pacific, are exposed to a wide range of natural hazards. Tropical storms and associated floods are recurring natural phenomena, but it has been regularly alleged that Fijians lack preparation, over‐rely on state assistance in post‐disaster situations or engage in risky behaviours that aggravate the negative impact of floods. Risk reduction strategies, which are now implemented by government authorities and international organisations, heavily promote the principle of ‘community preparedness’. Both community awareness programmes and capacity‐building programmes are conducted throughout the country in the most vulnerable communities. This paper analyses how the inhabitants of Lomanikoro village, in the low areas of the Rewa Delta, perceive and manage existing flood risks. It examines social and cultural factors that contribute to shape risk response locally—in particular, why villagers may be reluctant to adopt some recommended preparedness measures and resettle in higher, safer zones.