复杂岩溶矿床延深水平涌水量的预测

随着岩溶矿床的延深开采,矿坑涌水量的计算成为防治水害首先要解决的难题。文章创造性地采用国外广泛采用的岩溶水衰减动态分析法,选择了我国南方复杂岩溶含水层中有代表性的重庆市红岩煤矿,将丛林采区茅口组岩溶水动力单元和该单元南大巷(标高+370 m)的茅口灰岩岩溶含水层的主要排水点-1号突水点作为研究对象,建立了该单元岩溶含水层的计算模型-衰减动态(流量和水位)方程,求出了岩溶水动力单元水均衡、地下水储量计算和矿坑涌水量预测的水文地质参数:a、T、K、S、μ、Ie,建立了该单元岩溶裂隙-管道水的水均衡方程, 根据连续观察一个水文年以上的丰富地下水动态资料,预测了红岩煤矿370 m标高以下的延伸开采水平(295- 370 m)矿坑涌水量。     

废水处理技术生命周期分析基本概念初探

运用生命周期分析(LCA)可对不同的废水处理工艺方案进行选择和比较，优选出资源消耗和环境污染最少的实施方案。其技术关键在于如何将ISO 14040等国际标准中规定的LCA方法学正确地应用至各种废水处理工艺的相对比较。本文对LCA应用于废水处理技术的一些基本概念进行了定义和探讨，其中包括废水处理系统的定义；废水处理厂的生命周期；废水处理工艺的功能、功能单位和基本流等。     

曝气沉淀池的工艺改进及多点进水装置设计

针对吸气沉淀地处理炼油废水时存在的问题，采取了相应的改进措施，取得了满意的效果。对沿回流缝多点进水装置的工艺设计进行了详细论述。     

面向新时期流域管理的控制单元划分方法设计与应用

科学划分控制单元是实现流域水环境精准、高效管理的重要基础。为满足新时期中国流域系统治理和“三水”统筹的新要求、新任务,设计建立了一种新的控制单元划分技术方法,将中国重点流域划分为3442个断面控制单元和822个流域控制单元。基于控制单元划分成果,进一步构建了包含流域—流域控制单元—断面控制单元—控制断面—水功能区5个层级逐步细化的流域空间管控体系。实际案例分析与论证表明,新的流域空间管控体系能有效促进流域水环境管理各项措施落地,可进一步推动流域治理科学化、精细化、差异化,并为“三水”统筹提供决策支持。     

基于传递熵与KELM的炼油化工过程风险传播路径分析方法

基于炼油化工过程复杂,设备众多,某一设备的监测变量发生扰动可能会传播至其相邻设备引发出一系列故障链。现有方法多是针对某一设备进行监测与诊断,以期降低事故后果,而忽视了对过程风险传播路径的预测以防止事故的发生。因此,提出一种基于传递熵与核极限学习机的炼油化工过程风险传播路径分析方法,该方法针对某一工艺扰动,分析其在风险发展过程中的扰动传播过程,基于传递熵分析法建立炼油化工过程风险传播推绎模型;并提出一种基于KELM的风险传播搜索方法,预测风险传播路径;将该方法应用于分馏塔冲塔过程。研究结果表明:该方法可辨识出未来一段时间内风险的可能传播路径,以便操作人员及时采取预防措施,保证过程安全及产品质量。     

Setting the stage for the review of the international estimate of short-term intake (IESTI) equation

ABSTRACT

In the framework of setting Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides, both chronic and acute health risks to consumers arising from the long-term and short-term dietary exposure to pesticide residues have to be assessed. The current internationally harmonized approach for assessing the acute dietary exposure is based on deterministic methods for calculating the IESTI (International Estimate of Short-Term Intake). Recently, it became apparent that the IESTI approach needs a revision in the light of new scientific and political aspects. The main reasons that require this review were the lack of an international harmonization of the methodology which implies trade barriers as well as difficulties in risk communication concerning the public trust in regulatory systems. The most recent milestone in the scientific debate on a possible revision of the IESTI equation was an international scientific workshop held in Geneva in September 2015. The main objectives of this meeting were the re-evaluation, and where possible, the international harmonization of the input parameters for the IESTI equations as well as the equations themselves. The main recommendations from the workshop were (i) to replace the highest residue and supervised trials median residue with the maximum residue limit (MRL), (ii) to use a standard variability factor of three, (iii) to derive the P97.5 large portion value from the distribution of consumption values of dietary surveys expressed as kg food/kg bw/d, and (iv) to remove the commodity unit weight from the equations. In addition, the application of conversion factors and processing factors was addressed. On the initiative of the (World Health Organization) WHO Collaborating Centre on Chemical Food Safety at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands, an international working group with members from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, France (ANSES), Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Australia (APVMA), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany (BfR), Chemical Regulation Division, the United Kingdom (CRD), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and RIVM, the Netherlands was formed after the IESTI workshop to conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of the proposed changes of the IESTI equations.     

Energy and exergy analysis of a heat storage tank with a novel eutectic phase change material layer of a solar heater system

Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources, but it is not available every time and every season. Thus, storing of solar energy is important. One of the popular methods of heat storage is use of phase change materials (PCMs) which have large thermal energy storage capacity. In this study, the heat storage tank in a domestic solar water heating system was chosen as control volume. The experiments were performed in the province of Elaz?g, Turkey, in November when solar radiation was weak due to cloudy sky. The heat storage tank of the system was modified to fill PCM between insulation and hot water part. A few PCMs which are Potassium Fluoride, Lithium Metaborate Dihydrate, Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate, Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate, Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate, and Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate were analyzed to proper operating conditions using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and the best PCM was obtained with the Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate and Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate mixture. Thus, eutectic PCM was obtained and used in a heat storage tank of the solar water heating system. Energy and exergy analysis of heat storage tank was performed with and without the PCM. Energy and exergy analysis has shown that the heat storage tank with the PCM is more efficient than without the PCM and the maximum exergy efficiency was obtained as 22% with the heat storage tank with the PCM.     

中国低碳试点城市的碳排放现状

本文以国家发展和改革委员会公布的两批低碳试点城市(共36个)为研究对象,基于其2005-2011年间的单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放数据总结其碳排放水平,从区域分布、经济水平和人口规模三个方面分析了全国范围内低碳试点城市的碳排放现状。通过"十一五"期间碳减排成效和"十二五"期间碳减排目标两个方面分析了低碳试点城市的碳排放现状,并推测了低碳试点城市2015年的碳排放水平。研究显示,"十一五"期间低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于全国平均水平。2011年低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于各城市所在省份的平均水平。低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放平均水平从东部到西部逐渐升高。人均收入高于全国平均水平的低碳试点城市中92%的城市的人均CO2排放高于全国水平。而随着城市常住人口规模的扩大,试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放逐渐降低,人均CO2排放却随着城市常住人口规模的扩大呈U型分布,其中大型城市的人均CO2排放水平最低。同时通过与同类地区对比分析,研究表明试点城市的低碳工作成效和减碳目标普遍优于同类地区。除直辖市外,32个低碳试点城市中28个城市2010-2011年单位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和2015年单位GDP的CO2排放节能目标高于所在省份。在城镇化速度继续增加和经济总量保持上升的趋势下,到2015年低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放虽然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趋势。我国的低碳试点城市建设任重道远。     

遥感在环境影响评价中的应用——以大清公路为例

本文以遥感为技术手段,利用ERl、ASⅢAGINE8.5和FRAGSTATS3.3软件针对项目区在景观总体格局和各类型斑块两个层次计算出十几种景观指数,对该区域的景观格局分布做出了较为全面的定量分析.结果表明:草地景观面积最大,斑块数最多,是评价区的基质.乔木林地在各项指数分析中均较低.文中探讨了遥感与地面调查的优缺点,得出结论:以遥感技术为手段,结合地面调查是评价区域生态环境的有效工具.     

云南省能源消耗与经济增长关系的实证研究

根据云南省36年主要年份能源消耗的统计数据以及相应年份人均GDP统计数据,对单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP之间的相关关系进行了分析,选取相关能耗指标(煤炭消耗量、石油消耗量、天然气消耗量、电力消耗量),建立两者之间的计量模型,并在此基础上分析单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP增长的关系。经研究发现,云南省单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP增长呈类似于EKC的倒U型曲线,且当今曲线已过转折点,单位GDP能源消耗随人均GDP增长将持续下降。因此,有必要采取有力措施进一步降低单位GDP能源消耗,倡导"循环经济"、"绿色GDP"等,使曲线走势向更加良好、完善的方向演变。