中国城市污泥重金属区域分布特征及变化趋势

通过整理和统计国内外文献(2006—2013年)报道的中国城市污泥重金属含量,分析了近年来中国城市污泥重金属的区域分布特征和变化趋势.结果表明,城市污泥重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni含量分别为182.5、65.3、729.6、2.1、1.4、11.5、97.5和44.9 mg·kg-1,与《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)规定的中碱性土壤污泥农用污染物控制标准限值比较,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni的超标率分别为2.3%、0、5.9%、5.5%、2.9%、0、0和3.5%;与酸性土壤污泥农用污染物控制标准限值比较,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni的超标率分别为7.1%、1.3%、10.3%、27.4%、20.0%、0、1.6%和12.1%.不同区域城市污泥重金属含量存在一定差异,城市污泥Hg和As在北方地区含量较高,而Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni在南方地区含量较高.与2006年城市污泥重金属含量相比,本研究城市污泥重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni含量均呈下降趋势,降幅分别为29.0%、16.5%、40.9%、9.0%、29.8%、41.8%、5.3%和23.6%.     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge,Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions of Maryland

Regional curves are empirical relationships that can help identify the bankfull stage in ungaged watersheds and aid in designing the riffle dimension in stream restoration projects. Bankfull regional curves were developed from gage stations with drainage areas less than 102 mi² (264.2 km²) for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge (AP/VR), Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of Maryland. The AP/VR regions were combined into one region for this project. These curves relate bankfull discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth to drainage area within the same hydro‐physiographic region (region with similar rainfall/runoff relationship). The bankfull discharge curve for the Coastal Plain region was further subdivided into the Western Coastal Plain (WCP) and Eastern Coastal Plain (ECP) region due to differences in topography and runoff. Results show that the Maryland Piedmont yields the highest bankfull discharge rate per unit drainage area, followed by the AP/VR, WCP, and ECP. Likewise, the Coastal Plain and AP/VR streams have less bankfull cross‐sectional area per unit drainage area than the Piedmont. The average bankfull discharge return interval across the three hydro‐physiographic regions was 1.4 years. The Maryland regional curves were compared to other curves in the eastern United States. The average bankfull discharge return interval for the other studies ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 years.     

Use of total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol as an independent biomarker to classify smoking status

Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke are needed. The objective of this study was to develop total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) as a biomarker of tobacco smoke independent of serum cotinine. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate cut-off points on NNAL scale to differentiate participants in various classes of smoking status. A cut-off of 13.4 pg/mL for NNAL differentiated smokers from nonsmokers with a specificity and sensitivity of 92%. NNAL can be used as an independent biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke with high specificity and sensitivity.     

武汉地区2014年PM2.5时空分布与来源贡献的数值模拟研究

利用耦合了污染源在线追踪模块的化学传输模式NAQPMS （Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System）,结合地面细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的小时观测数据,模拟了2014年1、4、7、10月4个月份武汉地区PM_2.5浓度时空分布特征,量化了本地、武汉城市圈及远距离地区对武汉PM_2.5浓度贡献.研究发现,2014年武汉市PM_2.5年均浓度为85.3 μg·m^-3,污染天（PM_2.5日均值≥75 μg·m^-3）占全年总天数的47.9%.细颗粒物的月均值呈现出季节性特征,即冬季污染最为严峻,1月均值为199.1 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5浓度超标持续一整月;夏季空气质量最好,春秋介于两者之间.模拟的PM_2.5平均浓度在空间上大致呈现"城区高,郊区低"的分布态势.污染物区域来源解析发现,武汉市本地排放源贡献在1月最低,为34.1%,表明外来源贡献对长期灰霾的形成起决定性作用.7月本地源影响最显著（65.7%）,和毗邻城市源（23.1%）一起成为夏季污染物的主要来源.4月和10月本地排放贡献比分别为49.1%和42.1%.4个月份,武汉城市圈对该市PM_2.5浓度的贡献差异不大,范围在20.8%~24.1%.受大尺度天气系统的影响,远距离传输贡献率趋势与本地来源相反,占10.6%~35.3%.研究结果表明污染气团跨界输送对武汉不同季节PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献.在冬季大范围污染背景下,污染物区域大范围协同控制才能有效减缓武汉PM_2.5污染问题;而夏季对本地及近周边城市的减排措施可以有效改善武汉的空气质量.     

区域环境与资源经济协调发展的定量分析研究

常用环境与资源经济协调发展的定量分析方法,在评价环境与经济协调程度之间存在一定的局限性.为有效解决该问题,通过确定区域环境系统的综合发展指数、对系统间协调度的研究,完成对区域环境的定量分析;通过分析建模思想、建立模型,完成资源经济协调发展分析优化模型的实现.设计对比实验结果表明,通过上述方式建立的定量分析优化模型,打破经济与环境之间的制约关系,改善环境与经济协调程度之间存在的局限性.     

北京城区冬季空气污染时期C2~C6碳氢化合物含量特征

本研究于2015年冬季,在北京市东南城区开展了C2~C6碳氢化合物大气环境浓度在线监测,研究共检出25种C2~C6碳氢化合物,但鉴于分析仪器的局限性,未包含苯这一重要物种.检出的25种碳氢化合物含量之和(C2~C6 HCs)在12.4~297.5×10~(-9)范围内,不同的空气质量条件下,C2~C6 HCs平均含量分别为29.4×10~(-9)(Ⅰ级,PM_(2.5):35μg·m~(-3))、63.2×10~(-9)(Ⅱ级,PM_(2.5):35~75μg·m~(-3))、85.5×10~(-9)(Ⅲ级,PM_(2.5):75~150μg·m~(-3))、94.9×10~(-9)(Ⅳ级,PM_(2.5):150~250μg·m~(-3))、131.8×10~(-9)(Ⅴ级,PM_(2.5):250μg·m~(-3)),且碳氢化合物的化学组成亦有所差异,烷烃、烯烃、乙炔的摩尔比分别从Ⅰ级条件的47%、45%、7%,变为Ⅴ级条件的59%、30%、12%,烷烃和乙炔的比重上升;烯烃的比重下降.碳氢化合物日变化规律显示,C2~C6 HCs在优良日(PM_(2.5)小时浓度均低于75μg·m~(-3))和污染日(PM_(2.5)小时浓度均高于75μg·m~(-3)),均在08:00~09:00、17:00~18:00存在两个明显的峰值,与日交通峰值时间一致,显示了道路源对局地碳氢化合物浓度的显著影响.通过HCs与CO浓度比值研究,发现随着污染情况的加重,HCs/CO(×10~(-9)/×10~(-6))呈显著下降趋势:90.6(Ⅰ级)、63.8(Ⅱ级)、56.9(Ⅲ级)、37.4(Ⅳ级)、36.4(Ⅴ级).具体化合物与CO比值在污染条件(Ⅲ~Ⅴ)与优良条件(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)的变化率,与各化合物的OH反应速率关联性很差(R=-0.31),由此判断污染时期C2~C6碳氢化合物并未发生强烈的化学衰减.HCs/CO比值变化更多反映了污染源贡献的变化,后向轨迹分析表明,在优良日北京城区多受北部和西北部清洁气团影响,北部地区燃烧源较少,其气团HCs/CO比值较高;而在污染日北京城区受南部和西南部污染气团输送,南部地区工业燃烧源和散煤燃烧源均偏多,其气团HCs/CO值偏低.综上所述,本研究认为重污染过程,北京城区C2~C6碳氢化合物(未包含苯)未体现出显著的化学衰减,碳氢化合物浓度的大幅提升,不仅源于本地污染源的排放累积,还受到南部污染气团的输送贡献.     

三峡库区局地气候变化

三峡库区地处鄂西和渝东的崇山峻岭中，局地气候受山谷和水体的共同影响，冬暖夏热，降水丰富。利用三峡库区及其周边地区33个气象观测站1961~2006年降水与温度观测资料，对2003年蓄水前后的降水、气温等要素作了时间对比分析，同时分别选取近库区和远库区站点作降水比值和温度差值分析，结果表明近几年库区降水较常年偏少，但降水趋势与西南地区降水年代际变化一致。20世纪90年代之后三峡库区气温有显著上升趋势，蓄水后受水域扩大影响近库地区的气温发生了一定变化，表现出冬季增温效应，夏季有弱降温效应，但总体以增温为主。由于三峡工程局地气候影响是一个复杂、长期的气候调节过程，所给出的结果只是三峡水库蓄水至今3年时间的观测分析结果，同时蓄水前后温度变化还需要更长时间观测分析统计，对水库水域扩大影响造成的局地气候效应有待更多研究方法及模式结果的验证。     

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term “eeo-efficiency“ in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption,environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao‘s Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.     

面向区域可持续发展的信息特征分类

区域可持续发展是可持续发展在时间、空间和构成要素上的含义的具体化。信息特征分类是区域可持续发展研究的基础内容之一。区域可持续发展的信息特征具有时空性和复杂性的特点。在总结前人区域可持续发展相关研究的基础上，提出区域可持续发展信息特征分类的原则和综合分类方法。依据区域可持续发展的三维系统理论（即区域系统在时间上／代际之间的公平，空闻上（区域内和区域间）发展的平等和区域系统各要素闻的协调）。在将区域可持续发展系统的信息特征分为时间特征、空间特征和要素构成特征的基础上，初步建立区域可持续发展多维信息特征分类的框架及其编码。并给出具体应用实例。这对于区域可持续发展信息的共事，区域可持续发展数据模型的研究以及区域可持续发展的评价等具有重要的意义。     

Ecotourism Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Westem Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province, such as serious soil erosion, fragile ecological environment, low levels of economy and so on. Advantages of tourism resources in the ＂periphery regions＂ should be fully utilized, and ＂multi-tourism＂ meets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions. The ＂multi-tourism development model＂ can exert the functions of tourism as the key industry. Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries, the model can accelerate the development of related-industries, such as eco-agriculture, eco-industry and so on. Through implementing the multi-tourism model, we can fully utilize the advantages of the periphery regions and promote the sustainable development of regional economy.