火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述

火灾烟气毒性定量评价是毒理学研究的一个新兴领域.烟气毒性与建筑材料、燃烧条件、烟气毒物在建筑物内的传播规律及暴露时间有关,这些都是传统毒理学评价方法难以解决的问题.烟气毒性定量评价的目的是通过建立数学模型,以最少的动物试验,从宏观上更加定量化、系统化地评价和预测火灾烟气毒性.本文介绍了国外火灾烟气毒性定量评价的标准、烟气定量评价的数学模型,评述了这些模型的适用范围和优缺点,分析了火灾烟气毒性定量评价的发展方向.     

Mental models of safety: do managers and employees see eye to eye?

PROBLEM: Disagreements between managers and employees about the causes of accidents and unsafe work behaviors can lead to serious workplace conflicts and distract organizations from the important work of establishing positive safety climate and reducing the incidence of accidents. METHOD AND RESULTS: In this study, the authors examine a model for predicting safe work behaviors and establish the model's consistency across managers and employees in a steel plant setting. Using the model previously described by Brown, Willis, and Prussia (2000), the authors found that when variables influencing safety are considered within a framework of safe work behaviors, managers and employees share a similar mental model. The study then contrasts employees' and managers' specific attributional perceptions. Findings from these more fine-grained analyses suggest the two groups differ in several respects about individual constructs. Most notable were contrasts in attributions based on their perceptions of safety climate. When perceived climate is poor, managers believe employees are responsible and employees believe managers are responsible for workplace safety. However, as perceived safety climate improves, managers and employees converge in their perceptions of who is responsible for safety. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: It can be concluded from this study that in a highly interdependent work environment, such as a steel mill, where high system reliability is essential and members possess substantial experience working together, managers and employees will share general mental models about the factors that contribute to unsafe behaviors, and, ultimately, to workplace accidents. It is possible that organizations not as tightly coupled as steel mills can use such organizations as benchmarks, seeking ways to create a shared understanding of factors that contribute to a safe work environment. Part of this improvement effort should focus on advancing organizational safety climate. As climate improves, managers and employees are likely to agree more about the causes of safe/unsafe behaviors and workplace accidents, ultimately increasing their ability to work in unison to prevent accidents and to respond appropriately when they do occur. Finally, the survey items included in this study may be useful to organizations wishing to conduct self-assessments.     

长三角区域一体化的环境治理效应评估——基于DID模型的实证研究

随着长三角一体化的范围不断扩大,融入区域一体化的城市不断增加,对区域城市环境协同治理提出了更高要求。本文采用2003—2019年中国225个地级以上城市面板数据,利用双重差分法评估长三角区域一体化对地区环境治理的影响和作用机制。研究发现长三角区域一体化能显著促进整体城市和原位城市的污染排放强度下降,但对新进城市的环境治理影响并不显著。长三角区域一体化对不同规模城市的环境治理效应没有显著差异;对非资源型城市和高行政等级城市的环境改善作用则优于资源型城市和低行政等级城市。进一步机制分析表明,长三角区域一体化带来污染排放强度整体下降,这一结果主要来自经济集聚效应和技术进步效应,来自产业结构升级的环境治理效应并不显著;同时,长三角区域一体化对环境治理具有显著的反向空间溢出效应,即在降低本地污染排放强度的同时,加大了周边城市污染排放强度。     

Drivers of future streamflow changes in watersheds across the Northeastern United States

Accurate projections of streamflow, which have implications for flooding, water resources, hydropower, and ecosystems, are critical to climate change adaptation and require an understanding of streamflow sensitivity to climate drivers. The northeastern United States has experienced a dramatic increase in extreme precipitation over the past 25 years; however, the effects of these changes, as well as changes in other drivers of streamflow, remain unclear. Here, we use a random forest model forced with a regional climate model to examine historical and future streamflow dynamics of four watersheds across the Northeast. We find that streamflow in the cold season (November–May) is primarily driven by 3-day rainfall and antecedent wetness (Antecedent Precipitation Index) in three rainfall-dominant watersheds, and 30-day rainfall, antecedent wetness, and 30-day snowmelt in the fourth, more snowmelt-dominated watershed. In the warm season (June–October), streamflow is driven by antecedent wetness and rainfall in all watersheds. By the end of the century (2070–2099), cold season streamflow depends on the importance placed on snow in the machine learning model, with changes ranging from −7% (with snow) to +40% (without snow) in a single watershed. Simulated future warm season streamflow increases in two watersheds (56% and 193%) due to increased precipitation and antecedent soil wetness, but decreases in the other two watersheds (−6% and −27%) due to reduced precipitation.     

非点源污染的管理及控制

非点源污染是指溶解的或固体污染物从非特定的地域,在降水和径流冲刷作用下,通过径流过程而汇入受纳水体引起的水体污染,主要起源于土壤侵蚀,农药与化肥的施用,农村家畜粪便与垃圾,农田污水灌溉,城镇地表径流,林区地表径流和大气干湿沉降等污染源。     

区域可持续发展生态评估的能值分析研究进展与展望

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一，能值分析以能量为单位定量评估人类生态经济系统中各种生态流的可持续性，是一个重要的研究方向。尽管能值分析定量评价了自然环境资源对人类生态经济系统的贡献．克服了传统能量与经济分析方法的诸多缺憾，但在理论方法上仍存在不足之处。综合国内外区域能值分析的最新进展。能值转换率的确定、能值分析与空阃格局分析的整合、能值成本价值论与市场（使用）价值论的整合、可持续性阈值等问题将是下一步的研究重点。     

试论可持续发展的地域公平性

以对“人地关系”、“发展内涵”和“人的位置”等的系统认识为理性基础．所提出来的可持续发展观．非常强调公平性。经典的可持续发展概念对“公平性”的理解，主要是强调时间维度上的代际公平。我们从地理学的研究核心“人地关系地域系统协调共生理论。和区域可持续发展实证研究的理论和实践的双重角度．认为公平性不仅是时间维度上的代际公平．而且是空间维度上的地域公平和群际公平。就地域公平而言．我们认为．它不仅包括相关地域的公平性而且包括次级地域的公平性和背景地域的公平性。地域公平性的这样的理论认识。在指导区域可持续发展的实践中将具有重要意义。     

浙江省旅游资源地区差异研究

以浙江省11个地市为单位,以2003年7月~2004年4月完成的全省旅游资源普查所确定的全省所有21 126个旅游资源单体为对象,分别对各地市旅游资源的数量（包括丰度和密度）、品质、组合状况等进行了综合评价及各地市间的横向比较。研究发现,环杭州湾旅游区的资源丰度最高,人文资源极为突出;金衢丽旅游区其次,自然旅游资源占明显优势;温台(温州,台州)沿海旅游区最低,但人文旅游资源与自然旅游资源比较平衡,自然景观相对突出。各地区所在地理区位特征存在一致性,各地市旅游资源丰度与密度的位次排序不一致。密度与丰度相比,位次上升最明显的是舟山、嘉兴、湖州;各地市旅游资源组合优势相对平衡,浙东、浙西南、杭州尤为突出;浙西、浙南、浙东及杭州市旅游资源的整体优势最为明显;环杭州湾旅游区旅游资源地区平均品质最高,温台沿海旅游区次之,金衢丽旅游区最低,且环杭州湾旅游区优良级旅游资源单体最为集中,分布较均衡,温台沿海旅游区则显得很不平衡。     

南昌地域城市群的发育与发展思路

在全球化过程中,城市群是城市化过程中出现的一种特殊的城镇空间组织形式,通过对城市群的发展研究来探讨区域经济的发展是学术界一个新的研究领域和良好的动态趋势。在对城市群的基本概念、发展阶段进行分析的基础上,提出了南昌地域城市群形成发展的动力机制,并对南昌地域城市群进行了界定。最后在对南昌地域城市群进行SWOT分析的基础上,提出南昌地域城市群发展的战略对策。     

我国“十二五”SO_2和NO_X污染控制对策分析

大气污染治理是环境保护的重要内容。十二五时期,我国大气污染控制指标需根据国情调整。本研究针对我国目前主要大气污染物SO2、NOX及日益严重的大气复合污染问题,分析了近20年排放量、空气质量变化、控制状况。结果表明:SO2排放总量控制取得一定成效,但缺乏质量指标控制约束;NOX排放增加引发了多种复合型环境问题,部分抵消了SO2控制效果,总体上空气质量并未大幅度提升。对此,借鉴国外控制方法,提出十二五期间应进一步改善控制措施建议:SO2在总量控制基础上加入质量控制,分三类区域以不同标准和手段控制;NOX纳入约束性考核指标;选定重点行业和重点区域,对SO2、NOX采取总量与质量双重控制,并建立相应的政策支撑体系。