Effects of white‐nose syndrome on regional population patterns of 3 hibernating bat species

Hibernating bats have undergone severe recent declines across the eastern United States, but the cause of these regional‐scale declines has not been systematically evaluated. We assessed the influence of white‐nose syndrome (an emerging bat disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, formerly Geomyces destructans) on large‐scale, long‐term population patterns in the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), and the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). We modeled population trajectories for each species on the basis of an extensive data set of winter hibernacula counts of more than 1 million individual bats from a 4‐state region over 13 years and with data on locations of hibernacula and first detections of white‐nose syndrome at each hibernaculum. We used generalized additive mixed models to determine population change relative to expectations, that is, how population trajectories differed with a colony's infection status, how trajectories differed with distance from the point of introduction of white‐nose syndrome, and whether declines were concordant with first local observation of the disease. Population trajectories in all species met at least one of the 3 expectations, but none met all 3. Our results suggest, therefore, that white‐nose syndrome has affected regional populations differently than was previously understood and has not been the sole cause of declines. Specifically, our results suggest that in some areas and species, threats other than white‐nose syndrome are also contributing to population declines, declines linked to white‐nose syndrome have spread across large geographic areas with unexpected speed, and the disease or other threats led to declines in bat populations for years prior to disease detection. Effective conservation will require further research to mitigate impacts of white‐nose syndrome, renewed attention to other threats to bats, and improved surveillance efforts to ensure early detection of white‐nose syndrome.     

区域生态环境预警的原理与方法

本文提出了以区域持续发展的能力作为区域生态环境预警的综合指标,进一步用承载力、稳定性、缓冲力、生产力和调控力作为衡量区域持续发展的能力。选取生态、环境和社会经济指标对区域生态环境质量进行评价,以及对经济发展的协调性和适应性进行分析,作出判断和预警,并讨论了区域生态环境预警的综合方法。     

长江三角洲的区域特点与产业结构

长江三角洲是我国最大的经济核心区，它的发展对于长江流域乃至全国都有重要意义，针对长江三角洲的区域发展特点与产业结构现状进行了分析，找提出了产业结构的调整意见。     

长江三角洲区域发展及区域互动的三大关键问题

在我国加入WTO、进入国际经济大循环的背景下，长江三角洲不仅要加强自身的发展，通过体制创新、技术创新建成为我国区域功能完善、产业布局合理、城乡关系协调、生态与环境优良的现代化示范区，更重要的是在长江流域和全国发挥经济带动作用，提高服务功能，成为我国与世界经济接轨并参与竞争的基地、我国高新技术产业与现代农业基地和支援西部大开发并提供知识经济服务的基地。但是长期的计划体制造成的地区分割与部门分割不利于产业的合理布局与重大基础设施建设的统一协调，也不利于共同进行生态建设与环境保护。从区域互动的角度就经济增长方式与产业布局、以港口为主的重大基础设施建设与协调、水土资源的环境保护与可持续发展三个方面进行了论述。     

AHP法在区域矿产资源综合经济评价中的应用

本文运用AHP法对某省20种主要矿产进行了综台经侪评价,确定了该省经济优势矿产、潜在优势矿产和劣势矿产,为制定该省矿产资源开发战略提供了科学依据。     

特大型矿产资源开发与区域经济发展——以西藏玉龙铜矿资源开发为例

矿产资源,特别是特大型矿的开发对区域经济发展具有重要的带动作用。西藏玉龙铜矿在国内仅次于德兴铜矿的特大型矿山,它的开发具有重大战略意义,有利于带动昌都地区经济的发展,本文认为开发玉龙铜矿既面临着矿产资源开发机制、模式及矿产开发区功能与结构等一系列重大变革,又出现许多有利条件和不利因素。必须面向下一世纪和国内外两个市场,按照新的机制,选择融合式发展,努力建立一个综合功能型的昌都地区经济。     

MONTHLY RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION RELATED TO BASIN GEOGRAPHY1

ABSTRACT: Mean monthly runoff from ungaged drainage basins that have significant snowpacks each year can be estimated quite well by assuming that the time duration between snowfall and snowmelt is the predominant factor in temporal runoff distribution. That time span is related to basin temperatures which are, in turn, functions of basin elevation and latitude. Regional hydrologic analyses of gaged basin data create regression equations for estimating runoff distribution by month. These equations then can be applied to ungaged basins. Basin latitude and mean elevation are two independent variables that can be used in estimating monthly runoff distributions.     

Metbodology of environmental impact assessment for regional development

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区域开发环境影响评价与区域环境规划

论述了区域开发环境影响评价与区域环境规划的概念、基本原则，提出了工作程序并对主要部分进行了分析。     

GM(1,1)模型预测城市区域环境噪声的应用

介绍了重庆市主城区区域环境噪声污染现状,根据1996～2002年区域环境噪声的监测数据,建立了GM(1,1)灰色预测模型,通过预测探讨了区域环境噪声的变化规律.结果表明,主城区未来几年区域环境噪声呈上升趋势,2003年预测值为57.8分贝.