中国旅游业碳生产率区域差异及其格局演变:1995—2014

利用"自下而上"法核算1995—2014年中国大陆30个省(市、区)旅游业碳生产率,采用标准差、变异系数等指标衡量旅游业碳生产率区域差异,并通过空间自相关分析探讨中国旅游业碳生产率区域差异格局演变特征。结果表明:1995—2014年中国旅游业碳生产率总体呈增长趋势,但增长幅度不大,其年均增长率为2.07%,旅游业碳生产率具体数值由1995年的1.120 1万元/t增长至2014年的1.653 0万元/t;旅游业碳生产率区域差异明显,但区域绝对差异和区域相对差异均逐步缩小;旅游业碳生产率空间分布不均,总体呈东高西低的空间格局;旅游业碳生产率的空间分布存在显著正空间自相关性,以及局部的不连续性;旅游业高碳生产率集聚区域主要分布在华北地区,以北京、天津、河北为主要代表;旅游业低碳生产率集聚区域主要分布在西北地区,以新疆、青海和陕西为主要代表;中国旅游业碳生产率整体水平较低,多数省区位于旅游业低碳生产率行列,研究期内旅游业低碳生产率的区域重心逐渐由西部向中部转移。基于上述结论,本文提出针对性建议:政府应制定低碳旅游相关的系列标准规范、行动方案以及保障性政策等,同时应加大对先进低碳技术和低碳设备的引进与推广;各省区应秉持低碳发展理念并将其融入目的地开发与管理之中;旅游企业应积极利用新能源、新材料和新技术,研发低碳旅游系列产品与服务;加大宣传生态环保理念,引导旅游者树立低碳旅游意识,优先选择低碳旅游景区和低碳出行方式,自觉抵制高碳排旅游活动。     

区域龙头企业对地方政府环境规制影响研究

当政府基于公共利益对企业实施规制,政府所代表的公共利益与龙头企业的经济利益冲突时,政府的规制行为与规制效率是否会受龙头企业影响?已有的研究较少涉及这一公共管理的重要问题。本研究从环境规制视角出发,基于1999—2013年的中国31个省级层面的面板数据,结合工业企业数据库微观数据,在省级层面实证检验了当存在利益冲突和规制能力约束时,区域环境规制水平是否会受到龙头企业以规模衡量的能力影响;如是,其方向和机制又是什么。本文研究发现:(1)龙头企业规模越大,区域环境规制水平越严格;(2)龙头企业规模对区域环境规制的影响主要通过两种路径实现,一是龙头企业所在行业的区域经济地位,行业的区域经济地位越重要,越容易引来政府的环境规制关注;二是龙头企业在所在行业的经济地位,某企业在行业的比重越高,越容易引来政府的环境规制关注;(3)龙头企业规模与区域环境规制水平间关系是政府有限环境规制能力有效运用的结果,当政府规制能力不足时,政府在规制中会"抓大放小",重点加强对龙头企业的环境规制;随着政府规制能力上升,企业规模与区域环境规制水平的正相关关系不仅回归系数会逐步下降,而且会在统计上不再显著;最终,当政府掌握充分的环境规制能力后,企业的规模可能会在降低区域环境规制水平上发挥一定作用。本文的研究结果证实当政府与企业存在利益博弈时,政府的利益首先得到满足,仅当政府的利益得到满足后,企业才可能利用其实力影响政府规制以获取规制利益最大化。本文的研究一方面消除了"政商勾结"污染环境的忧虑,另一方面也提示要严格限制政府这只"看得见的手"的利益诉求范围。     

Development of Regional Curves for Hydrologic Landscape Regions (HLR) in the Contiguous United States

Regional curves relate drainage area to the bankfull channel characteristics discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth. These curves are used for a variety of purposes, including aiding in the field identification of bankfull elevation and in the natural channel design process. When developing regional curves, the degree to which landform, geology, climate, and vegetation influence stream systems within a single physiographic province may not be fully considered. This study examined the use of the U.S. Geological Survey's Hydrologic Landscape Regions (HLR), as well as data from 2,856 independent sites throughout the contiguous United States (U.S.), to develop a set of regional curves (bankfull discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth) for (1) the contiguous U.S., (2) each of the 20 HLRs, (3) each of the eight physiographic divisions, (4) 22 of the 25 physiographic provinces, and (5) individual HLRs within the physiographic provinces. These regional curves were then compared to each other, as well as those from the literature. Regional curves developed for individual HLRs, physiographic divisions, and physiographic provinces tended to outperform the contiguous U.S. indicating increased stratification was beneficial. Further stratifying physiographic provinces by HLR markedly improved regional curve reliability. Use of HLR as a basis of regional curve development, rather than physiographic region alone, may allow for the development of more robust regional curves.     

高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响计量研究

高铁正成为影响我国区域旅游一体化的关键性因素,已有高铁旅游影响研究普遍存在供需分离的系统化视角缺位问题。立足多目的地-多客源地交互的旅游供需空间系统视角,利用GIS集成方法和旅游系统引力模型研究了有无高铁网络两种情境下的长三角区域旅游竞争力和出游力格局,分析了高铁对区域旅游一体化影响的具体方向、程度和意义。结果发现:(1)高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响增强,扩大了旅游竞争力、出游力等级差异,带来逆向均衡一体化效应;(2)高铁强化了长三角区域旅游格局的核心-边缘结构,边缘地区非高铁城市的旅游竞争力和出游力进一步被削弱,而核心高铁城市上海的中心性仍在增强;(3)高铁开通后,边缘地区新增开高铁城市的旅游格局变化最大,但固有劣势使其不能从根本上改变区域旅游整体的非均衡发展态势;(4)高铁时空压缩在削弱空间距离因素影响的同时,促进了区域旅游竞合关系的本位回归,规避旅游供给的同质化竞争、强调差异化发展是发挥高铁旅游一体化联动效应的根本路径模式。最后,指出高铁开通可以为边缘地区城市提供相对公平的交通发展平台,是防止边缘地区城市进一步被边缘化的必要条件,进而提出了促进区域旅游一体化发展的具体政策建议。     

基于改进SIFT算法的交通事故图像匹配

为解决无人机航拍交通事故现场图像特征点数量较少、匹配成功率较低、耗时过长的问题,提出1种改进的SIFT算法,使用Gabor滤波对图像进行特征提取,基于改进的高斯金字塔和多方向多尺度Gabor频谱特点提取出具有尺度、旋转不变性的特征点,结合LLE算法对特征描述符进行降维处理,通过DBSCAN算法对特征点进行密度聚类,计算...     

A Regional Assessment of Windbreak Habitat Suitability

The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programwas initiated in 1989 by the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency to collect, analyze,and report quantitative, statistically unbiasedinformation about the state of the nation'senvironment on a regional basis. During a pilotprogram in Nebraska we measured a habitat suitabilityindex for a probability sample of 40 windbreaks andexpanded the results to estimate the potential valueof windbreaks as wildlife habitat in Nebraska. Theindex estimates the suitability of a windbreak ashabitat for wildlife including breeding birds, smallmammals, and deer. Index values range from zero toone, where a value of one indicates maximal habitatvalue. We estimated that 50% (±13% at 90%confidence) of windbreaks in Nebraska have a habitatsuitability index of 0.25 or less and that nowindbreaks have a suitability index greater than 0.6. Our results indicate that increasing the area ofindividual windbreaks is the most effective way toimprove their value as wildlife habitat. Monitoringwindbreak condition over time would alert wildlifemanagers to changes in the resource that might affectwildlife populations. Because our data were highlyvariable, the power to detect change in habitatcondition between two measurement periods was low. Amuch larger sample would be required to detect smallchanges in habitat condition. Variability may bereduced, and power increased, by carefully andconsistently constructing the sampling frame, keepingdata collection as simple as possible, appropriatelystratifying sample selection, and using a small numberof well-trained data collection teams. However, wesuggest adapting the index for use with aerialphotography in future efforts to evaluate windbreaksas wildlife habitat in extensive areas.     

辽宁省工业污染源数量变化及驱动因素分析

以1998─2005年辽宁省14个城市工业污染源数量数据为基础,分析了工业污染源在省、市、区域3个层面上数量变化的特征;指出造成差异的2个主要影响因素,即经济发展和国家政策;讨论了工业污染源数量变化与废水排放量之间的关系.结果表明:辽宁省工业污染源数量区域差异变小,但仍然集中在沈阳、大连和抚顺等城市,营口工业污染源数量增加较快;污染源空间分布与经济发展区域特征有较好的相关性,哈尔滨-大连产业带也成了“污染密集带”;经济发展是污染源数量变化的重要影响因素;国家产业政策通过影响经济从而间接影响污染源数量和质量,而环保政策则直接影响环境保护的方向和环境治理的力度.      

区域输送对天津臭氧污染的影响

采用大气化学模式定量估算2019年4月～9月区域输送对京津冀区域,特别是天津市O₃浓度的影响,分析天气形势和气象条件与区域输送的关系.结果显示,京津冀区域13个城市O₃以区域输送贡献为主,不同城市O₃差异较大,天津本地贡献占比24%,区域输送以京津冀区域其他城市和山东为主,共贡献48.3%.低压、低压前和低压后形势下,O₃区域输送占比最高.途径天津偏南区域的气流是造成天津高浓度O₃污染的重要因素,也是区域输送的主要路径.随着O₃浓度升高,输送贡献占比呈逐步上升趋势,重度污染时本地生成与区域输送贡献相当.一次典型O₃污染过程分析表明,高温强辐射天气和有利的天气形势促进O₃本地生成,西南气流和弱下沉气流下的区域输送共同维系了这场持续3d的连续污染过程.     

豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值研究

长期缺少豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值数据,很多学者不得不用河南省土壤或中国潮土元素背景值作为标准评价重金属污染.那么,豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值与河南省土壤、中国潮土是否存在差异？平原内部是否存在重金属背景值的空间差异？这是影响评价结果可靠性的关键,需要开展研究.采用10 km×10 km网格法,在研究区沙河干流以南(南区)和以北(北区)分别采集土壤表层样品336份和561份.用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni含量,用原子荧光光度法(AFS)法测定样品Hg、As含量.在重金属含量异常值剔除和数据分布检验基础上,分别确定南区和北区重金属背景值.结果表明,南区土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni背景值分别为0.066、4.11、0.130、56.72、20.97、23.31、59.21和24.03 mg·kg^-1,北区上述重金属的背景值分别为0.061、7.45、0.129、51.92、18.96、22.72、66.96和27.16 mg·kg^-1.北区土壤As、Zn和Ni背...     

New parameterization scheme for effective indices for emissions from road transport

The local to regional processes of chemical transformations, washout and dry deposition cannot be directly resolved in global scale models, they rather need to be parameterized. A suitable way to account for the non-linearity, e.g., in chemical transformation processes, is the use of effective emission indices (EEIs). EEI translate the actual (small scale) emissions into input for global scale models, partially accounting for unresolved processes occurring shortly after the release of the emissions.The emissions from the road traffic have some specifics, because of which the concept of deriving EEI from the interaction of an instantaneous plume with the ambient air is perhaps not so convenient. A new parameterization scheme for the EEI from the road transport is suggested in the present paper, based on few simplifying assumptions and introducing the adjoin equations approach, which makes it possible to achieve unified, not depending on the specific emission pattern, procedure for calculating the EEI from road traffic.