Regional Economic Types and Development Strategy of Small Towns in Suburb Beijing

The purpose of this article is to classify the regional economic types and development dynamics of small towns in suburb Beijing by applying the classification methods developed by Nelson's method and Location Quotient method into 183 small towns in Beijing.Four types of small towns are thus identified,including urban agriculture dominated towns,manufacturing dominated towns,service industry dominated towns and comprehensive type towns with balanced economic development.Within the environment of geographical information system,the spatial distribution pattern of four types of small towns with their evolution trend is analyzed.The results indicate that four types of small towns have obvious 'core-periphery' spatial structure but with different functional orientations and evolution mechanisms.Based on this,the different development strategies for each type of small towns are summarized,providing a scientific reference for the differentiating planning and development strategies of these small towns.     

关中—天水经济区产业结构对区域经济增长的影响

关中—天水经济区产业结构与经济增长之间有着密切的关系。随着区域经济的增长,产业结构的不断演进,同时产业结构的调整也促进了经济的增长。运用偏离—份额分析法研究了关中—天水经济区产业结构对经济增长的影响,提出了相应的发展对策和建议。     

我国林业发展的区域差异分析

采用偏离—份额和区位熵分析法,以2003—2006年为考察期,以全国为参照系,对我国31个省(区、市)的林木培育和种植、竹木采运、林产品的行业专业化程度、产业结构、竞争力的区域差异进行了分析。在上述分析基础上,结合全国和地区的林业发展状况,提出调整和优化林业产业结构、促进林业发展和改善林业经济增长质量的对策及建议。     

Application of Index Procedures to Flood Frequency Analysis in Turkey1

Abstract: This study investigates the regional analysis of annual maximum flood series of 48 stream gauging stations in the basins of the West Mediterranean Region in Turkey. The region is divided into three homogeneous subregions according to both Student‐t test and Dalrymple homogeneity test. The regional relationships of mean annual flood per unit area‐drainage area and coefficient of skew‐coefficient of variation are obtained. Two statistically meaningful relationships of the mean flood per unit area‐drainage area and a unique relationship between skewness and variation coefficients exist. Results show that the index‐flood method may be applicable to each homogenous subregion to estimate flood quantiles in the study area.     

Modeling the Potential of the Northern China Forest Shelterbelt in Improving Hydroclimate Conditions1

Abstract: The forest shelterbelt (afforestation) project in northern China is the most significant ecosystem project initiated in China during the past three decades. It aims to improve and conserve the ecological environment in the project areas. The tree belt stands along the southern edge of the sandy lands, nearly paralleling to the Great Wall. This study used a regional climate model to simulate the potential of improving regional hydroclimate conditions resulting from the afforestation project. Two simulations with preafforestation and postafforestation land cover were performed over East Asia from January 1987 to February 1988. The model resolution is 60 km. The differences between the two simulations suggest that the northern China forest shelterbelt project is likely to improve overall hydroclimate conditions by increasing precipitation, relative humidity, and soil moisture, and by reducing prevailing winds and air temperature. The effects are more significant in spring and summer than fall and winter. Changes in many hydrologic properties (e.g., evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and water yield), however, differ between the dry Northeast China and the moist Northeast China. The hydroclimate effects are also found in the surrounding areas, featured by noticeably moister conditions in the area south of the afforestation project. The results imply that the shelterbelt project would reduce water yield in afforested Northwest and North China during spring, but increase water yield in the afforested Northeast China as well as in the southern surrounding area, offset some greenhouse effects, and reduce the severity of dust storms. Possible improvements of this study by using actual afforestation data, modeling with higher resolution, longer integration and more detailed processes, and analyzing the physical mechanisms are discussed.     

基于协调发展视角的区域发展差异研究——以江苏省为例

20世纪90年代以来,区域差异研究成为学术界和政府管理者关注的热点领域.长期以来学者们主要以单一经济指标或复合经济指标作为衡量因子,分析区域经济差异时空演变及差异背后的自然、社会、经济驱动机理.从可持续发展的角度看,区域发展不单是区域经济的发展,而应是社会、经济与资源环境三方面的协调.基于这一理解,从可持续协调发展人手,建立了区域发展综合评价指标体系,选取了表征社会进步、经济发展和资源环境支持3个方面的27个因素作为评价指标,分析了区域综合发展的测算方法,提出了综合发展指数和发展协调指数.在案例分析中运用所设计的测度方法对江苏省内县级行政单位的综合发展进行了评价和分析.     

Environmental risk assessment of metals: tools for incorporating bioavailability

In this paper, some of the main processes and parameters which affect metal bioavailability and toxicity in the aquatic environment and its implications for metal risk assessment procedures will be discussed. It has become clear that, besides chemical processes (speciation, complexation), attention should also be given to physiological aspects for predicting metal toxicity. The development of biotic ligand models (BLMs), which combine speciation models with more biologically oriented models (e.g. GSIM), has offered an answer to this need. The various BLMs which have been developed and/or refined for a number of metals (e.g. Cu, Ag, Zn) and species (algae, crustaceans, fish) are discussed here. Finally, the potential of the BLM approach is illustrated through a theoretical exercise in which chronic zinc toxicity to Daphnia magna is predicted in three regions, taking the physico-chemical characteristics of these areas into account.     

湖南省区域经济差异及时空格局特征

区域经济差异是一种客观存在的经济与社会现象,适度的差异对宏观经济发展有积极的推动作用,但差异过大不仅对区域社会经济发展产生危害,而且关系到社会的稳定和可持续发展。20世纪90年代以来,作为全国,也是中部地区的农业大省,湖南省经济发展总体水平迅速提升,但省域内区域经济差异也发生了显著的变化。以计量统计为基础,分析了湖南省区域经济差异变化的时间特征,并采用因子分析法和GIS技术,通过建立综合评价指标体系,探讨了湖南区域经济差异的空间格局特征。在此基础上,分析了区域差异的成因,并提出了协调湖南省区域经济发展的对策建议。     

煤制天然气发电对中国碳排放和区域环境的影响

PM2.5治理与低碳发展具有显著的协同效应,然而并非所有的PM2.5治理措施都达到低碳的效果,煤制天然气项目是其中最为突出的一类。本文梳理了煤制天然气产业政策与现状,采用全生命周期评价法,对煤炭和煤制天然气发电过程中的CO2、SO2、NOx排放进行了分析。研究结果表明,用煤制天然气替代煤炭,每发1 k Wh电可以减少SO2排放9.73 g,减少NOx排放0.45 g;但同时将多消耗142 g标准煤,增加CO2排放406.2 g。煤制天然气项目对天然气使用地的大气污染防治具有正面作用,但却给煤制天然气生产地带来严重的环境负外部性问题。从而,煤制天然气的生产与消费是一种资源消耗和环境排放的转嫁,而且从整体上提高了我国的煤炭使用量和CO2排放量。定量评估显示,如果将各地建成、在建或拟建的所有煤制天然气项目全部投入生产,每年约消耗8.1亿t原煤,用这部分煤制天然气替代煤炭发电所增加的CO2排放将占2010年全国CO2排放量的3%-6%。因此一味地使用煤制天然气替代煤炭来达到雾霾治理这一目的,忽视其将长期存在的严重的资源环境效率损失和公平损失问题,我国环境保护与低碳发展将陷入"头痛医头,脚痛医脚"的恶性循环。改善我国环境质量的根本途径在于推动能源生产和消费革命,而控制能源消费总量是最为优先的措施。煤制天然气应该用来替代分散的煤炭使用,以此来达到煤炭清洁高效利用的目标。在发电行业,应该大力进行技术改造,实现比使用煤制天然气更好的环境效益。从全生命周期内的资源消耗和环境影响来看,煤制天然气项目建设必须高度重视,慎重决策。     

长江口港口群建设条件与布局

和茳口港口群指以上海港为中心，分南北翼的杭州湾地区与苏北沿海地带以及以长江为中轴的各类港口所组成的组合式港口。它们可以充分利用江海水域资源，建设各类不同层次，不同规模的大中小结合、综合性港与专业性港相配套的港口群体。同时，可以发挥两省一市的积极性，多快好省地建设上海国际航运中心。