河流水质预测模型的应用研究

河流水质预测模型使用的参数未引入预测断面现状监测结果 ,使预测结果可能与现状监测结果发生矛盾。针对这一情况 ,通过对预测模式的推导转化 ,在模型中引入污染源现状源强和预测断面现状监测浓度 ,将预测结果同现状监测结果联系起来 ,使预测结果更贴近实际     

河流环境关心点的位置定量化

提出了河流环境关心点的概念，即指河流两岸或河中体现或影响河流环境功能的环境要素与河流某断面相互作用的点。阐述了河流环境关心点与位置定量化之间的关系及编制点位图时应遵循的功能原则、水质原则和边界原则，指出河流环境关心点位图能够比较直观、全观地反映各点位分布情况。以沅江为例，叙述了绘制各环境关心点位的方法。     

河流水质月报评价项目的选择

以三种评价项目选择法对国控河流断面水质评价的结果进行了比较。结合现阶段我国的经济技术条件选择了适用于河流水质月报的评价项目即pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、石油类、挥发酚、汞和铅等9项。     

Time Series Analysis to Monitor and Assess Water Resources: A Moving Average Approach

An understanding of the behavior of the groundwater body and its long-term trends are essential for making any management decision in a given watershed. Geostatistical methods can effectively be used to derive the long-term trends of the groundwater body. Here an attempt has been made to find out the long-term trends of the water table fluctuations of a river basin through a time series approach. The method was found to be useful for demarcating the zones of discharge and of recharge of an aquifer. The recharge of the aquifer is attributed to the return flow from applied irrigation. In the study area, farmers mainly depend on borewells for water and water is pumped from the deep aquifer indiscriminately. The recharge of the shallow aquifer implies excessive pumping of the deep aquifer. Necessary steps have to be taken immediately at appropriate levels to control the irrational pumping of deep aquifer groundwater, which is needed as a future water source. The study emphasizes the use of geostatistics for the better management of water resources and sustainable development of the area.     

马莲河水体中Cr+6来源调查

Cr+6是毒性最强的铬化合物.本文通过现场调查,对马莲河水体中Cr+6的来源进行了研究.结果表明,马莲河水体中Cr+6来自于地下泛水.     

How Hydrologic Connectivity Regulates Water Quality in River Corridors

Downstream flow in rivers is repeatedly delayed by hydrologic exchange with off‐channel storage zones where biogeochemical processing occurs. We present a dimensionless metric that quantifies river connectivity as the balance between downstream flow and the exchange of water with the bed, banks, and floodplains. The degree of connectivity directly influences downstream water quality — too little connectivity limits the amount of river water exchanged and leads to biogeochemically inactive water storage, while too much connectivity limits the contact time with sediments for reactions to proceed. Using a metric of reaction significance based on river connectivity, we provide evidence that intermediate levels of connectivity, rather than the highest or lowest levels, are the most efficient in removing nitrogen from Northeastern United States’ rivers. Intermediate connectivity balances the frequency, residence time, and contact volume with reactive sediments, which can maximize the reactive processing of dissolved contaminants and the protection of downstream water quality. Our simulations suggest denitrification dominantly occurs in riverbed hyporheic zones of streams and small rivers, whereas vertical turbulent mixing in contact with sediments dominates in mid‐size to large rivers. The metrics of connectivity and reaction significance presented here can facilitate scientifically based prioritizations of river management strategies to protect the values and functions of river corridors.     

广州市感潮水源河段重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

对广州市沙湾水道(感潮河流型饮用水源地)涨、退潮期间13个断面7种重金属含量进行监测,并应用化学致癌和化学非致癌健康风险评价模型对该感潮河段重金属进行健康风险评价,研究该感潮河段重金属含量及其健康风险的时空分布特征。结果表明:该感潮河段重金属具有显著的空间分布差异,而感潮作用对重金属含量的影响并不明显;该感潮河段化学非致癌重金属污染物健康风险值相对较低,Cu、Hg、Zn的年平均风险值为10-10a-1,远远低于瑞典、荷兰、英国推荐的可接受限值,而化学致癌重金属污染物所引起的人体健康危害较高,化学致癌重金属污染物As、Cd的年平均风险值分别为10-5 a-1和10-6 a-1,其中Cd的年平均风险值与瑞典、荷兰、英国推荐的可接受限值接近(1×10-6 a-1),As的年平均风险值接近国际(ICRP)推荐值(5×10-5 a-1),致癌风险极大,应优先加以控制。     

海河流域平原河流非常规水源补给特性及其成因分析

统计分析海河流域水资源量和污废水入河量数据(2001—2012年)、降水量数据(1956—2012年),以及水资源利用、污废水排放、社会经济、人口等数据(1980—2012年),探究了海河流域平原河流非常规水源补给的特性及成因.结果表明,非常规水源补给的河流具有污径比高的特性:海河流域河流污径比高,平均污径比为35.7%,其中海河北系污径比最高,达到90.5%,滦河及冀东沿海污径比最低,为25.6%.降水量的持续减少、山前水库带对水资源的截留以及平原区水资源开发利用率的增加导致河流径流量减少,是海河流域平原河流非常规水源补给的一个主要原因:降水量持续减少,1956—1980年平均降水量为559 mm,至2012年平均降水量降低至502 mm;水库、闸坝等水利设施的建设使得73%的山区河流流量被水库截留;流域地表水资源平均开发利用率高达63%,这些均导致平原河流径流量持续减少.人口和社会经济快速发展导致污废水排放量增加,是海河流域平原河流非常规水源补给形成的另一个主要原因:工业产值、城镇人口数量均与污废水排放量显著正相关,复相关系数均超过50%.海河流域中部平原区河流以非常规水源补给将长期存在,考虑非常规水源水质水量的协同保障,对满足生态需水量、改善缺水河流生态环境等具有积极的作用.     

基于保护目标制定的湖泊流域入湖河流河段划分方法——以滇池流域为例

通过科学合理地划分河段实现栖息地分类管理是恢复流域生物完整性的重要内容之一.湖泊流域入湖河流空间尺度小、坡降大、生态学过程差异性显著的特点导致其河段类型复杂多样,与河流流域河段类型的大尺度特征具有明显区别,因此,河流流域河段划分指标及其方法不适用于湖泊流域,亟需发展以栖息地分类管理为目的的湖泊流域河段划分方法.本文通过回顾河流分类的概念、划分依据及划分方法的发展历程,明确了湖泊流域河段划分理论基础,提出了基于保护目标制定的湖泊流域河段划分方法,为恢复湖泊流域生物完整性提供了更为精细的管理单元.同时,以滇池流域为例,通过筛选与大型底栖动物敏感种群和濒危种群显著相关的环境因子,建立了由地貌类型、土地利用方式、河水来源、河道人工化情况及水体营养程度构成的指标划分体系;在实现各划分指标空间化的基础上,利用空间叠加聚类技术手段,将滇池流域入湖河流划分为9个河段类型,为滇池流域水生态系统健康恢复提供了科学依据.     

Determination of estrogenic activity in the river Chienti (Marche Region, Italy) by using in vivo and in vitro bioassays

Environmental estrogen-like compounds (i.e. xenoestrogens) are a variety of pollutants, ranging from synthetic to natural occurring molecules, that are found in surface and waste waters over a wide range of concentrations. In aquatic environment, the overall estrogenic activity is often due to the presence of a mixture of chemicals and their degraded products which can induce synergistic effects. Current strategies for monitoring estrogen-like chemicals are based on the use of a battery of in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicological tests. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to carry out a bio-monitoring study for testing estrogenicity of the Chienti river (Marche Region, Italy) by using both an E-screen and a vitellogenin (Vtg) induction assay in juvenile goldfish. Three sites were used for analysis, localized at the mouth (sampling point 1), in the middle (sampling point 2) and at the origin (sampling point 3) of Chienti river. For most of the water samples (i.e. samples collected at sampling points 2 and 3), clear estrogenic activity was detected in the E-screen assay suggesting different proliferation activities in function of the collecting site. In contrast, the Vtg ELISA demonstrated that water samples collected from each sampling point were estrogenic. Overall, we showed for the first time that the estrogenic activities in water samples from the Chienti river were significant in both in vivo and in vitro; we also observed a different sensitivity between bioassays.