福州内河河网精细水流水质数学模型研究

文章在前人研究的基础上，根据感潮河网地区水体的水动力、水质特性，建立了河网一雏水动力和水质模型，并进行了模型验证。结果表明水动力模型计算值能够较好的吻合实洲值，能正确反映涨落潮趋势，水质模型能正确反映污染物受涨落潮影响在河网内回荡的变化情况。本研究成果对解决福州市水环境问题提供了一定的理论基础，具有一定的指导意义。     

Coping with changing water resources: The case of the Syr Darya river basin in Central Asia

This paper discusses how climatic-hydrological and socio-political developments will affect water allocation in the Syr Darya river basin and which adaptation measures will be needed to cope with changing water resources. In view of the geo-political complexity, climate-driven changes in water availability are of particular importance in this region. Water shortages during summer will become more frequent as precipitation is expected to further decrease and glacial meltwater releases will decrease in the long-term due to reduced glacier volume. Being the main valve to the entire Syr Darya river system, the Toktogul reservoir in Kyrgyzstan could take over, at least partly, the role of glaciers as seasonal water redistributors, thus allowing the generation of energy in winter – benefiting upstream countries – and irrigation for large-scale agriculture in summer – benefiting downstream countries. To date, however, there is no regional consensus on a balanced reservoir management, which currently favours irrigation according to past Soviet priorities. Moreover, the perception of water as a ‘national concern’ in Central Asia discourages efforts towards cooperation between states at the regional level. So far, climate change adaptation has focused on technical rather than institutional solutions. We suggest that policy-relevant adaptation measures should include consistent data collection and dissemination, cross-sectoral collaboration, promotion of national responsibility and initiative, and agreeing on a regional strategy.     

Water Resources Modeling of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna River Basins Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data1

Nishat, Bushra and S.M. Mahbubur Rahman, 2009. Water Resources Modeling of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna River Basins Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1313‐1327. Abstract: Large‐scale water resources modeling can provide useful insights on future water availability scenarios for downstream nations in anticipation of proposed upstream water resources projects in large international river basins (IRBs). However, model set up can be challenging due to the large amounts of data requirement on both static states (soils, vegetation, topography, drainage network, etc.) and dynamic variables (rainfall, streamflow, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, etc.) over the basin from multiple nations and data collection agencies. Under such circumstances, satellite remote sensing provides a more pragmatic and convenient alternative because of the vantage of space and easy availability from a single data platform. In this paper, we demonstrate a modeling effort to set up a water resources management model, MIKE BASIN, over the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) river basins. The model is set up with the objective of providing Bangladesh, the lowermost riparian nation in the GBM basins, a framework for assessing proposed water diversion scenarios in the upstream transboundary regions of India and deriving quantitative impacts on water availability. Using an array of satellite remote sensing data on topography, vegetation, and rainfall from the transboundary regions, we demonstrate that it is possible to calibrate MIKE BASIN to a satisfactory level and predict streamflow in the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers at the entry points of Bangladesh at relevant scales of water resources management. Simulated runoff for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers follow the trends in the rated discharge for the calibration period. However, monthly flow volume differs from the actual rated flow by (?) 8% to (+) 20% in the Ganges basin, by (?) 15 to (+) 12% in the Brahmaputra basin, and by (?) 15 to (+) 19% in the Meghna basin. Our large‐scale modeling initiative is generic enough for other downstream nations in IRBs to adopt for their own modeling needs.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Projected Climate‐Induced Habitat Loss for Salmonids in the John Day River Network,Oregon, U.S.A.

Abstract: Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold‐water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold‐water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate‐driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate‐induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold‐water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus.     

河道生态及环境需水理论探讨

针对地表水开发利用过程中存在的主要问题,从理论上对河道生态、环境需水进行探讨,包括:①在分析已有生态及环境需水概念的基础上,界定了生态及环境需水的定义;②对河道生态及环境需水进行了重点分析和论述。首先,回顾了与河道生态及环境需水研究有关的概念;其次,根据河道水量平衡探讨河道生态及环境需水的机理及其组成;第三,根据人类对地表水的影响强度,将水资源开发利用划分为4个阶段,论述了每个阶段河流生态系统的特点,并分析了河流流量减少所造成的对整个河流生态系统的影响;最后,给出了河道生态及环境需水的概念。论文为河道生态及环境需水研究提供了理论基础和依据。     

河底沉积物培养耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥的试验研究

利用河底沉积物作为接种污泥,在一个3.1L的EGSB反应器中进行培养耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥的试验研究.结果表明,EGSB反应器在pH6.0,出水碱度低于400mg CaCO3/L,容积负荷5.3kg COD/(m³d)的条件下培养出具有良好沉降性能和产甲烷活性的耐酸颗粒污泥.形成耐酸颗粒污泥后,EGSB反应器在pH5.8～6.0,进水COD 3000mg/L,容积负荷5.2kg COD/(m³d)的条件下稳定运行29d, COD去除率平均为89.2%,出水总碱度仅为264.4mg CaCO₃/L,沼气中甲烷的含量约为56.9%.扫描电镜观察发现颗粒污泥内部存在成簇生长的索氏甲烷丝菌     

河流污染物通量估算方法分析(Ⅱ)——时空平均离散通量误差判断

提出了一个简单的通量误差判断公式,对于采用以时空平均的一维对流量方式估算河流通量,提出了限制的条件,即排除不可靠的通量估值的方法,就河流离散通量对于通量估算的影响提供了误差判断分析方法.      

氯代苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性及QSAR研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验,测定了18种氯苯类化合物对长江水中混合细菌的毒性,得到24 hIC₅₀值,-1gIC₅₀为3.65～4.32,其中,毒性最弱的是氯苯,毒性最强的是1,2,4-三氯苯.选用分子连接性指数法对毒性数据进行定量结构活性关系(QSAR)研究.结果表明,氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性与苯环上取代基的种类、数目和位置有关,价分子连接性指数0XV和7X_CHV能够很好地描述氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性.方程-1gIC₅₀=0.8390XV-25.3727X_CHV+0.802的稳健性很好,该模型的预测值与毒性实测值之间的相关系数达0.948.      

AnnAGNPS模型在九龙江流域农业非点源污染模拟应用

运用连续-分布式参数模型(AnnualizedAgriculturalNonPointSourceModel,AnnAGNPS)进行中国南方山区中等尺度流域———九龙江流域农业非点源污染负荷估算和对流域过程和管理措施的模拟.利用4个典型汇水区校正模型参数,并进一步在九龙江的北溪和西溪两大支流流域验证模型的适宜性.以此为基础模拟西溪总氮负荷为24.76kg/(hm²·a),总磷负荷为0.67kg/(hm²·a);北溪总氮负荷10.28kg/(hm²·a),总磷负荷为0.40kg/(hm²·a).运用AnnAGNPS模型对典型汇水区特定集水单元、西溪和北溪流域的土地利用管理措施进行分别模拟.模拟结果显示坡地种植退耕返林后,天宝仙都集水单元92地表径流、泥沙、总氮和总磷负荷可分别削减了21.6%、25.9%、96%和79.2%;下庄集水单元93地表径流、泥沙总氮和总磷负荷削减率分别为94.1%、54.9%、99.2%,和79.7%;模拟西溪香蕉地改种双季稻,西溪总氮、可溶态氮、总磷和可溶性磷依次削减了23.83%、25.44%、9.08%和19.84%;模拟北溪流域内生猪场全部搬迁,流域出口总氮和可溶态氮的削减率分别为63.54%和76.92%.