太原冬季PM2.5影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征

PM_(2.5)普遍被认为是导致霾形成的主要污染物之一.利用2016年11~12月在太原市人工降雨防雹办公室观测获得的气溶胶数谱资料、小店区气象站提供的气象要素资料以及小店区环境监测站提供的PM质量浓度资料,探讨了PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征.结果表明,观测期间霾污染频发,且程度严重,重度霾占25.35%.相对湿度高于80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)是霾频繁发生的有利条件,特别是重霾;中度霾和轻度霾在相对湿度40%~80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)时也会频繁发生;轻微霾主要发生在相对湿度20%~40%,风速为1.25~2.55 m·s~(-1)时.霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为209.45μg·m~(-3),是非霾天气的3倍,且随着霾等级增加,PM_(2.5)质量浓度和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值不断增加.低湿环境下PM_1是影响霾的关键粒子;高湿环境下PM_(0.5)是影响轻微霾、轻度霾和中度霾的关键粒子,而影响重度霾的关键粒子则是PM_1.高湿环境下表面积浓度对能见度的贡献率下降,但是气溶胶吸湿增长增大了粒子尺度,导致消光效率因子增大,从而弥补了表面积浓度的不足;粒子尺度参数的增加是高湿时PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的重要因素.     

典型气候环境中改性环氧树脂有机玻璃胶接性能变化规律研究

目的研究典型气候环境对两类有机玻璃胶接接头老化性能的影响。方法在重庆、青岛和拉萨三地开展两类有机玻璃胶接接头的户外自然暴露试验,研究其拉剪强度和剥离强度随老化时间的变化规律,分析气候环境因素对胶粘剂老化的作用机理,及胶接结构的老化失效模式。结果高温、高湿及紫外光辐射等气候环境因素是影响胶粘剂粘接性能的主要外在因素,其中高温高湿环境因子对其性能影响较大,而紫外光辐射引起的光降解速度并不像理论预测那样快,胶粘工艺是影响胶接接头性能的主要内在因素。结论优选出了耐候性较好,且适合航空有机玻璃和涤纶带粘接的胶粘剂,可为该胶接接头的防老化设计提供参考。     

核废料储罐近域环境中温湿度长期演变预测

为获得核废料储罐与周围环境界面的温湿度信息,以便模拟不同地质处置时期储罐表面的腐蚀环境,通过对一些典型核能利用国家在高放核废料安全处置研究中对储罐表面温度的长期演变计算进行调研,结合不同埋藏模式推测出适于我国的核废料储罐表面温度演变规律。同时根据国内外对核废料储库中缓冲/回填材料饱和度的变化情况推测我国核废料储罐表面环境中膨润土含水量的时间演变趋势。研究表明,储罐表面初始时温度快速升高,至温度峰值后逐渐下降,为安全起见,最高温应设计低于100℃。膨润土的饱和度受到核废料衰变释热及地下水入渗的双重影响,早期以核废料衰变主导,后来受地下水入渗影响显著。一般认为储罐表面膨润土在3年左右含水量明显增加,约10年左右达到饱和。温湿度长期演变预测将为我国核废料储罐表面腐蚀演变研究奠定基础。     

上海外环林带小气候效应的研究(Ⅰ)

通过对具有代表性的上海外环林带小气候的测定，结果表明，在春夏林内白天最高气温低于旷地1．4℃，而秋冬则分别高于旷地1．1℃和2．7℃的特征；春、秋、冬林内最低气温高于旷地0．52到1．1℃；一年中春、夏、秋相对湿度高于旷地4％-11．4％，尤以夏季增湿最大，昼夜与旷地湿度差值分别达到11．4％和6．9％，林带在夏秋白天的降温和夏秋的增湿作用十分明显，林带明显具有冬暖夏凉和冬干夏湿的作用。林带在春夏季对林带北缘及下风向90m区域具有稳定其小气候的作用。一年中春、夏、秋林内气温日变化幅度比旷地小1．3～0．7℃，而冬季林内气温日变化幅度反比旷地大2．1℃；相应的夏、秋林内相对湿度日变化幅度比旷地高4．4％-6．7％，而冬、春林内相对湿度日变化幅度反比旷地低1．10／0--2．6％。在冬季中午林带内蓄热能力比旷地高约3℃，林中最低气温普遍比林外高0．5℃，具有明显保温作用。     

Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

Summary. The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves. The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves. The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa. Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance status of the trees.     

On ranked set sampling for multiple characteristics

We consider the selection of samples in ranked set sampling when several attributes of each sample are of interest. We describe approaches that have appeared previously in the literature and present a novel method that seeks to achieve samples that are nearly balanced with respect to the ranks of all attributes. This method is shown to result in very little loss of precision compared to problems in which only a single sample attribute is of interest.     

相对灰色关联度在城市污水处理工艺优选中的应用

通过对城市污水处理工艺评价指标的定量化处理,并根据奖优罚劣的原则对初始指标集进行[-1,1]区间线性规范化处理,确定理想最优方案(A )和理想最劣方案(A-),以此计算出各待选方案与它们的相关系数(ζ)。采用变异系数法计算各指标权重(ω),并计算各候选方案相对最优方案的灰色关联度,进而确定最佳方案。     

APEC前后北京SO2垂直分布特征及其对二次硫酸盐生成的影响

SO_2是北京大气中重要的污染气体.为探讨亚太经合组织(APEC)峰会前后北京大气SO_2的垂直分布及其对二次硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))生成的影响,我们于2014年10月21日至11月30日在地面和北京325 m气象塔260 m高度处同步开展了气体SO_2和亚微米颗粒物中硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))实时连续在线观测.结果显示,采暖前,北京地面SO_2浓度较低,但高层由于显著受到区域输送的影响浓度较高,两层污染物变化趋势也存在明显差异.采暖后,即APEC后,受本地供暖排放影响,SO_2和SO_4~(2-)浓度显著增加,两层的总体差异也相应减小,变化趋势也更为一致.湿度对SO_2的液相转化起关键作用.我们发现近地面SO_2的转化率(SOR)显著高于260 m,这主要与地面较高的湿度相关.事实上,SOR随着湿度增加而迅速增大,进一步凸显了湿度对SO_2液相氧化的影响.另外,我们也发现SO_2特别是260 m在低湿范围(RH40%)内随湿度增加而逐渐升高,但在高湿范围(RH50%)内则呈下降趋势,说明不同湿度范围内的来源或者生成机制可能有所不同.SO_4~(2-)和PM_(2.5)浓度均随着湿度的增加而增加,但不同湿度范围,增加速率不同.通过相关性和和后向轨迹分析表明,区域输送(特别是途经北京西部和南部的气团)和本地燃煤排放分别是采暖前后污染物的主要来源.     

Changes in visibility with PM2.5 composition and relative humidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region

In fall–winter, 2007–2013, visibility and light scattering coefficients(b sp) were measured along with PM_(2.5)mass concentrations and chemical compositions at a background site in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) region. The daily average visibility increased significantly(p 0.01) at a rate of 1.1 km/year, yet its median stabilized at ~13 km. No haze days occurred when the 24-hr mean PM_(2.5)mass concentration was below 75 μg/m~3. By multiple linear regression on the chemical budget of particle scattering coefficient(b sp), we obtained site-specific mass scattering efficiency(MSE) values of 6.5 ± 0.2, 2.6 ± 0.3, 2.4 ± 0.7 and 7.3 ± 1.2 m2/g,respectively, for organic matter(OM), ammonium sulfate(AS), ammonium nitrate(AN) and sea salt(SS). The reconstructed light extinction coefficient(b ext) based on the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments(IMPROVE) algorithm with our site-specific MSE revealed that OM, AS, AN, SS and light-absorbing carbon(LAC) on average contributed 45.9% ± 1.6%,25.6% ± 1.2%, 12.0% ± 0.7%, 11.2% ± 0.9% and 5.4% ± 0.3% to light extinction, respectively.Averaged b ext displayed a significant reduction rate of 14.1/Mm·year(p 0.05); this rate would be 82% higher if it were not counteracted by increasing relative humidity(RH) and hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH)) at rates of 2.5% and 0.16/year-1(p 0.01), respectively, during the fall–winter, 2007–2013. This growth of RH and f(RH) partly offsets the positive effects of lowered AS in improving visibility, and aggravated the negative effects of increasing AN to impair visibility.     

相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响

为了提高旋风除尘器的分离效率,利用RSM湍流模型构建三维旋风除尘器模型,研究了相对端面比对旋风除尘器主要性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,随着相对端面比的减小,总压和切向速度随之降低,颗粒的停留时间缩短,因而提高了分离效率,为旋风除尘器的结构优化设计提供参考。