用干湿球测量相对湿度的不确定度分析

对干湿球法测量相对湿度时测量不确定度的数学模型进行分析,并对测量不确定度的各个分量进行分析,结合实测数据得出测量相对湿度的不确定度0.92%。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.     

黄冈市大气挥发性有机物污染特征、来源及对臭氧生成的影响

基于黄冈市城区大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）离线采样数据和常规空气污染物、气象在线监测数据,分析了黄冈市大气VOC组分和体积分数特征,并利用正交矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型和耦合MCM机制的光化学反应箱式模型（PBM-MCM）分别分析了臭氧（O₃）污染高发期VOCs的来源及臭氧生成敏感性.结果表明,φ（TVOCs）平均值为（21.57±3.13）×10^-9,且呈现出冬春高、夏秋低的季节性特征,其中烷烃（49.9%）和烯烃（16.4%）的占比最大.PMF解析结果显示黄冈市大气VOCs主要来源为：燃料燃烧源（27.8%）、机动车排放源（19.9%）、溶剂使用源（15.7%）、工业卤代烃排放源（12.1%）、化工企业排放源（10.5%）、自然源（7.8%）和柴油车排放源（6.2%）.在人为源中,溶剂使用、燃料燃烧和化工企业排放的VOCs对大气环境中O₃生成的贡献较大,贡献了O₃生成的60.9%,故对O₃污染防控应优先管控这3种人为源.通过相对增量反应性（RIR）和经验动力学方法（EKMA）曲线分析,观测期间黄冈市O₃生成处于VOCs控制区,且间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、1-丁烯和甲苯等VOCs对O₃生成比较敏感,应重点削减以上VOCs的排放.     

Abatement of mixed volatile organic compounds in a catalytic hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor

In this study, post plasma-catalysis degradation of mixed volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) has been performed in a hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor with Ag-Ce/g-Al₂O₃ catalyst at room temperature. The effect of relative air humidity on mixed VOCs degradation has also been investigated in both plasma-only and PPC systems. In comparison to the plasma-only system, a significant improvement can be observed in the degradation performance of mixed VOCs in PPC system with Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. In PPC system, 68% benzene, 89% toluene, and 94% xylene were degraded at 800 J·L^–1, respectively, which were 25%, 11%, and 9% higher than those in plasma-only system. This result can be attributed to the high catalytic activity of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst to effectively decompose O₃ and lead to generating more reactive species which are capable of destructing the VOCs molecules completely. Moreover, the presence of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst in plasma significantly decreased the emission of discharge byproducts (NO_x and O₃) and promoted the mineralization of mixed VOCs towards CO₂. Adding a small amount of water vapor into PPC system enhanced the degradation efficiencies of mixed VOCs, however, further increasing water vapor had a negative impact on the degradation efficiencies, which was primarily attributed to the quenching of energetic electrons by water vapor in plasma and the competitive adsorption of water vapor on the catalyst surface. Meanwhile, the catalysts before and after discharge were characterized by the Brunauer-Emment-Teller and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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空气湿度对自吸过滤式口罩过滤性能的影响研究

口罩是阻止颗粒物进入人体的有效防护用品,其性能优劣直接影响着佩戴人员的健康与安全。采用国标建议的呼吸阻力实验装置与自制的过滤效率实验装置,对自吸过滤式KN90,KN95系列口罩的呼吸阻力与不同相对湿度下的分级过滤效率进行实验研究。结果表明:所研究的6种口罩的呼气阻力与吸气阻力值不仅满足国标要求,而且满足佩戴舒适性的要求;在同一风速下,气流相对湿度的增加,使2种口罩对粒径为1 μm以下颗粒物的过滤效率降低,对1 μm以上颗粒物的过滤效率没有影响。     

火工品温湿度双应力加速寿命试验方法研究

目的 获取火工品温湿度加速系数,建立温湿度双因素加速寿命试验方法。方法 通过设计3种火工品不同温湿度加速条件下的加速寿命试验,定期取样进行性能测试,利用获取的性能数据和选定的温湿度加速模型,计算3种火工品的温湿度加速系数和湿度项反应速率常数,确定温湿度加速模型公式。结果 获取了3种火工品的温湿度加速系数和湿度项模型参数,初步建立了火工品温湿度双因素加速寿命试验方法,并对下一步研究方向进行了展望。结论 建立的火工品温湿度双因素加速寿命试验方法可由高温高湿加速试验时间外推常温常湿贮存时间,适用于自身密封性差或密封失效,且贮存环境湿度大的火工品的寿命预测。     

改变城市下垫面类型及控制道路尘环境效益评估方法

以天津市为研究对象,提出通过改变城市下垫面类型来控制裸露地面所造成的颗粒物污染.首次引入了相对起尘量的概念,以定量分析改变城市下垫面类型对城市空气颗粒物污染的影响,并进行环境效益的评估.对于道路,提出制定道路积尘量限定标准的建议,并提出了控制道路积尘的环境效益评估方法.     

干旱区绿洲相对资源承载力研究——以石羊河下游的民勤县为例

选取甘肃省和武威市为参照区域,分析了1995-2009年民勤县相对自然资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程.结果表明,土地资源是民勤县人口的主要承载资源;1995年以来民勤县相对土地资源承载力富余且较稳定,而相对经济资源承载力超载且上升缓慢,综合承载力处于轻度富余状态;民勤县正处于土地资源相对丰富、人口密度小、经济发展不足的阶段.     

制冷设备对人体舒适温度影响的研究

舒适的环境温度对人的工作学习有重要影响,本文将选取校园内研究生实验室作为研究环境,通过空调控制室内温度及湿度,以男女学生为研究对象通过问卷调查法研究人体热感觉舒适温度及对应湿度,由研究数据分析结果得出夏季炎热室内人体舒适温度为24℃,对应的人体舒适相对湿度为50%,舒适温度刚好处于人体常温37℃的黄金分割处。室内温度、湿度与人体舒适满意度关系可近似为二阶函数曲线。分析数据及结果对研究实验室、办公室等工作场所在炎热夏季的温度和湿度设置有理论指导意义;通过对比不同人群的人体舒适温度和湿度对研究身体健康状况有理论参考价值。