农村居民点多维形态空间格局与耦合类型

农村居民点空间形态的系统认识与分类研究是乡村整治和科学实施乡村振兴的重要基础。以北京市平谷区为研究区域,从规模、结构和功能三个维度构建农村居民点形态识别指标,使用多因素综合评价法得到275个行政村的规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度,借助ArcGIS和GeoDa依次对三者进行空间关联分析,进而基于三维特征划分出8种农村居民点耦合类型。结果表明：（1）平谷区农村居民点规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度在空间上均存在空间集聚的正相关性,空间分布分别呈现“递进式”“圈层式”和“镶嵌式”格局。（2）平谷区农村居民点多维形态的地域差异性显著,全区62.8%的村庄表现为低强度,51.3%的村庄表现为结构不合理,61.4%的村庄表现为功能不协调。（3）平谷区以T1-S1-F2型（高强度—合理—不协调型）和T1-S2-F2型（高强度—不合理—不协调型）的农村居民点为主,两者共占农村居民点总量的60.1%,前者主要分布在距离城区较近的乡镇,后者主要分布在距离城区较远的北部、西南部和东部的山地丘陵区。（4）规模强度高、结构不合理、功能不协调的农村居民点类型是平谷区乡村协同发展的主要障碍,政策制度、技术工程、产业扶持等差别化治理模式是推进农村居民点可持续性利用和乡村振兴的关键。     

可持续发展理念下的城市住区环境创造

本文从人与环境的关系出发 ,按照可持续发展理念对城市住区环境创造的客观要求 ,提出了城市住区环境创造的观念、方法与措施。文章指出 ,城市住区环境创造应以人为本 ,达到空间环境充足、生态环境优良、视觉环境优美、文化环境典雅、人文环境高尚、智能环境先进 ,使人、空间和环境有机结合     

室内氡的危害及防氡降氡措施

氡及其子体是铀、钍等放射性元素产物，是引发肺癌的重要致病因子。居室高氡浓度易造成氡危害。不同地段房间的氡有不同的来源途径，它包括了氡的产生、向地表运移和进入室内的过程。本文将从室内氡的危害、致癌机理、氡的来源及防氡降氡等几个方面探讨居室氡的危害及其防治措施。     

城市安静小区建设与环境噪声区域污染防治

通过沈阳市安静小区建设过程中，发现第三产业噪声扰民现象逐年增多这一环境问题，阐述了城市区域噪声产生的原因及防治对策．     

中国民用燃煤CH_4释放的初步研究──以贵州省为例

对中国贵州省不同类型的民用燃煤的CH4释放量进行了实际监测，得出了各自的CH4释放因子．并借此探讨了民用燃煤过程的CH4释放规律。根据民用燃煤情况；估算出1990年一年内中国和贵州省民用燃煤的CH4释放士分别为1．43Tg和0．06Tg。     

Residential Radon in U.S. Counties V Lung Cancer in Women Who Predominantly Never Smoked

Previous studies have found that mean-residential-radon (Rn) levels for U.S. counties are negatively associated with age-adjusted county rates of lung-cancer mortality (LCM), after adjustments for potentially confounding factors. Those results may be due to (a) confounding unaddressable by any county-level (ecological) study design, or (b) county-level factors such as Rn/smoking or age/radon correlations or exposure misclassifications from the use of disparate data sources. Possibilities (b) were addressed by comparing age-specific LCM rates for white women in 2821 U.S. counties who died in 1950–54 at age 40+ (11% of whom ever smoked), or at age 60+ (% of whom ever smoked), to county Rn levels newly estimated from U.S. Rn, climatic and geological-survey data. Significant negative LCM v Rn trends were found for both age groups, after adjusting for age and subsets of 21 county-level socioeconomic, climatic and other factors. Negative trends were largest for counties with 100 Bq m^–3 Rn (p 0.00087; 420 analyses). Adjusted relative risk (RR_adj) for LCM was significantly elevated (1 < [95% conf. limits on RR_adj] 1.46) in 43 of 210 analyses comparing LCM rates in counties with > 150 Bq m^–3 v 65–100 Bq m^–3 Rn, most involving adjustment for climate- and education-related factors likely to have influenced exposure to indoor air contaminants such as Rn and cigarette smoke. Though inconclusive due to potential ecological-fallacy-related confounding that could not be controlled, results from this ecological study are most consistent with a U-shaped dose-response relationship between 1950–54 LCM risk and U.S. residential radon in white women who predominantly never smoked.     

A STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS: PERCEPTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The traditional solution to stormwater runoff from housing developments has been stormwater sewer systems. A newer and increasingly popular solution is some sort of impoundment or “lake” within the development, which is thought to be cheaper, to provide recreation, to improve the aesthetics of the environment, and to increase property values. Little is known of the acceptability of these to public officials, developers, or potential residents, or of their policy implications. Two such developments in Mississauga, Ontario, were studied, in terms of the perceptions and opinions of a random sample of residents and of officials who had been involved in their planning and management. The areas have attracted a relatively young group, just beginning their child-bearing years, with relatively high income and education. The lakes appear to be popular, and relatively successful, especially the one which provides more recreational opportunities, and which has had fewer maintenance problems. The major problems are visual and safety. The City, and to some extent the developers, are seen as the appropriate groups to manage and maintain the lakes. Some suggestions, based on residents' and officials' responses, are presented for future designs and policy formulation.     

MAN-MADE LAKES: ATTITUDE SURVEYS OF THEIR VALUE IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Attitudinal surveys of residents living near four small residential lakes were conducted to determine how they perceived the advantages and disadvantages associated with the lakes. The survey results indicate that lakes can be used as a tool for land development creating a variety of benefits and problems. Most people felt that lakes have a positive economic impact on the value of their home, are a positive factor in their decision to purchase a home, and provide them with some benefits. They were also aware that lakes create continual maintenance and water quality problems but were willing to pay for the maintenance if they had access to and could utilize the facilities associated with the lakes. Based on the results of the surveys, recommendations are formulated pertaining to the planning development and utilization of residential lakes.     

DEVELOPING AND ASSESSING A MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: Relevant literature was reviewed from which a model of residential water conservation was developed. Four residential conservation program interventions were posited: 1) public education, 2) pricing variables, 3) water use restrictions, and 4) building code requirements. Four exogenous variables affecting residential water use were also posited: 1) temperature, 2) rainfall, 3) household income, and 4) household size. The impacts of these eight variables on residential per capita daily use were assessed by cross sectional and time series analysis. Study results generally supported the porposed model, with less consistent support obtained for pricing variables and conservation beliefs. The paper concludes with the hypothesis that an inclining block rate structure coupled with an informational program designed to inform consumers of their consumption under each block will have a synergistic impact.     

Groundwater characterization in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis

This study investigated the quality of groundwater collected from two industrial and residential locations, each within the Lagos metropolis. Prescribed standard procedures of the American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to measure the physicochemical parameters of each of the groundwater samples, which include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand; the anions chloride (Cl^?), nitrate (NO₃^?), sulfate (SO₄^?), and phosphate (PO₄^?); and heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). Based on the laboratory analysis, the physicochemical parameters that were measured were within the permissible ranges specified by the World Health Organization and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), except for pH, TDS, EC, Pb, Mn, and Fe for groundwater samples from the industrial locations and for pH, Pb, Mn, and Fe for residential locations. The elevated concentrations of TDS and EC reported for groundwater samples from industrial locations were attributed to the heavy discharge of effluents from nearby industrial treatment plants as well as the dissolution of ionic heavy metals from industrial activities involving the use of heavy machines. Statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation revealed the physicochemical parameters to be moderately and strongly correlated with one another at either p < .05 or < .01. In conclusion, groundwater samples from residential locations are more suitable for drinking than those from industrial locations.