秦皇岛市居住小区生态建设调查与研究简

通过对秦皇岛市48个居住小区的生态建设情况进行调查,分析了目前秦皇岛市居住小区的生态建设现状。结果显示：居住小区生活舒适度在不断提高;节能意识不断增强;生态低能耗节能材料的使用在逐渐增加。基于此,提出了加强典型生态居住小区的示范、提高居民生态意识、以人为本进行小区规划的秦皇岛市建设生态型居住小区的发展和规划建议,以期为生态型居住小区的建设提供科学参考。     

When and where do we see the proximity effect of a new park? –A case study of the Dream Forest in Seoul,Korea

This study aimed to unpack the dynamic proximity effects of a park on residential values in the urban regeneration context: first by the development phase of the park, and second, by specific characteristics of the residential units. The study site is the Dream Forest in Seoul, South Korea, and the study period is from 2006 to 2015. The two-fold multilevel regression analysis suggests that the Dream Forest began exerting proximity effects from the time of site acquisition by the city, which peaked at a 3.7% price increment per 100-meter distance to the park from a prototypical housing unit, soon after the public announcement of the park procurement plan. During construction, inauguration and stabilization, the effect has remained at around 3.0%. The analysis also suggests that the proximity effect applies unevenly to housing units: apartment type or older housing units are more sensitive to the externality effects than their counterparts – multifamily type or newer housing units.     

Looking beyond incentives: the role of champions in the social acceptance of residential solar energy in regional Australian communities

Research into renewable energy adoption is increasingly identifying that the successful implementation of renewable energy projects is influenced by a combination of market, community and socio-political acceptance of renewable energy technology. This research uses case studies in two regional Australian communities to examine the social acceptance of residential solar energy, in particular under the influence of financial incentives and social interactions. Fifty-five semi-structured interviews with members of the local community, industry and government were undertaken between May and October 2015. Respondents were asked about their perceptions and knowledge of solar energy and incentives to support its adoption, and their interactions with actors important in the diffusion process. Responses indicated that financial incentives motivated solar adoption; however, social interactions in the communities also contributed to decision-making. In one case study, a local “solar champion” built a private solar farm to demonstrate the technical feasibility of solar, assisted community members with physically installing their own systems and helped community members to maximise the financial benefits of their solar installations. This solar champion contributed to this community having an earlier and more rapid rate of small-scale solar adoption compared with the second case study community. The second case study community included two individuals interested in promoting solar energy; however, they were less integrated with the community’s process of adopting solar, resulting in community members experiencing substandard installations and consequent distrust of the solar industry. This research concludes that local context influences solar adoption through complex interactions among market, community and socio-political acceptance.     

Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events1

Spence, Porchè L., Deanna L. Osmond, Wesley Childres, Joshua L. Heitman, and Wayne P. Robarge, 2012. Effects of Lawn Maintenance on Nutrient Losses Via Overland Flow During Natural Rainfall Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 909‐924. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00658.x Abstract: A sampling system was used to evaluate the effect of residential lawn management on nutrient losses via overland flow generated during natural rainfall events from three residential landscapes: a high maintenance fescue lawn (HMFL), a low maintenance fescue lawn (LMFL), and a mixed forested residential landscape (FRL). A sampling system was located in designated areas within each landscape such that 100% of the runoff follows natural flow paths to the outlet ports and collects in sterile Nalgene^® B³ media bags (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rochester, NY). A rainfall event was defined as producing ≥2.54 mm of water. A total of 87 rainfall events occurred during a 20‐month monitoring period. The total runoff volume collected from the LMFL was higher than from the HMFL and FRL, but on average <1% of the total rainfall was collected from the three landscapes. Mean nitrate concentrations from each lawn did not exceed 0.6 mg N/l. Nutrient unit area losses from the HMFL, LMFL, and FRL were 1,000 times less than fertilizer and throughfall inputs, which were due to the presence of well‐structured soils (low bulk densities) with high infiltration rates. This study demonstrated that the frequency of runoff, total runoff volumes, and nutrient losses during natural rainfall events are lower from highly maintained (i.e., irrigation, fertilizer application, and reseeding) densely uniform manicured lawns than low maintenance lawns and forested residential landscapes.     

香港住宅室内环境及污染暴露量研究

对选定的14间香港住宅的PM10、CO、NO2等主要室内污染物浓度进行监测，通过建立多元线性回归模型，分析了室内．外PM10浓度与居民室内各种活动等其它有关因素之间的相关关系．结合香港居民日常时间安排调查的结果，计算出各种室内污染物的暴露量，对住宅室内环境污染对居民健康的影响进行了初步评估，提出了改善住宅室内环境的一些建议。     

西安市小区中水回用的必要性和可行性分析研究

通过分析西安市水资源现状和用水情况以及目前小区中水回用的研究现状,并结合实例对小区中水回用进行经济、环境分析研究,结果表明:在西安市采用小区中水回用无论是在处理规模还是技术经济上都是可行的,而且在起到节约水资源作用的同时,还可以带来良好的经济、环境效益.对于水资源紧缺、城市供需用水量矛盾日益突出的西安市,采用小区中水回用是十分必要且紧迫的.     

Impact of Urban Growth and High Residential Irrigation on Streamflow and Groundwater Levels in a Peri‐Urban Semiarid Catchment

The impact of urbanization on groundwater is not simple to understand, as it depends on a variety of factors such as climate, hydrogeology, water management practices, and infrastructure. In semiarid landscapes, the urbanization processes can involve high water consumptions and irrigation increases, which in turn may contribute to groundwater recharge. We assessed the hydrological impacts of urbanization and irrigation rates in an Andean peri‐urban catchment located in Chile, in a semiarid climate. For this purpose, we built and validated a coupled surface–groundwater model that allows the verification of a strong stream–aquifer interaction in areas with shallow groundwater, higher than some sewers and portions of the stream. Moreover, we also identified a significant local recharge associated with pipe leaks and inefficient urban irrigation. From the evaluation of different future scenarios, we found a sustainable water conservation scenario will decrease the current groundwater levels, while the median flow reduces from 408 to 389 L/s, and the low flow (Q_95%) from 43 to 22L/s. Overall, our results show the relevance of integrating the modeling of surface and subsurface water resources at different spatial and temporal scales, when assessing the effect of urban development and the suitability of urban water practices.     

太原市居民生活燃煤大气污染物排放清单研究

为了科学计算居民生活燃煤对大气污染物排放的贡献率,建立了太原市居民生活燃煤的大气污染物排放清单.利用高分辨率遥感卫星影像、DEM（数字高程模型）和GIS（地理信息系统）对太原市平房空间分布及面积进行了解译,得到2016年太原市平原、山区、城乡区域平房面积.对平原农村、山区农村、城中村典型区域进行实地调查,统计不同区域户均平房面积和生活燃煤使用量,估算得到了平原农村、山区农村、城中村的生活燃煤使用量.结合相关文献测算的排放因子,计算太原市居民生活燃煤散烧的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、CO、OC、EC排放总量.结果表明:2016年太原市有22.8×104户燃煤散烧居民,2016年燃煤消耗量为109.6×104 t,平原和城乡居民是主要的生活燃煤用户也是居民生活燃煤大气污染物的主要排放源;太原市居民生活燃煤散烧的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、CO、OC、EC排放总量分别为9 666.7、7 518.6、8 110.4、1 753.6、657.6、153 549.6、3 419.5、2 882.5 t;2016年太原市清徐县和太原市城区居民煤炭消耗量合计达97.9×104 t,占全年燃煤总消耗量的88%.研究显示,太原市应加快煤改气、煤改电和集中供热建设,进一步推广清洁能源以期减小居民生活燃煤大气污染.      

民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放稀释采样器的研制与应用

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物的排放特征,研制开发了一套紧凑型稀释采样器,主要由烟气进气部分、稀释空气部分、稀释混合部分及采样部分四部分组成.结果表明,该采样器可测量排放的一次PM_(2.5)、CO_2、CO、SO_2、NO_x等气态污染物排放浓度,并可根据碳平衡法获得各污染物的排放因子.稀释采样器的稀释比在20∶1～30∶1范围内,样气在稀释器内的停留时间为10 s.性能评价表明,稀释器气密性良好,稀释空气中颗粒物浓度低于3μg·m~(-3),气流混合均匀,理论稀释比与实际稀释比的偏差均小于2%,细颗粒在采样器内的损失小.利用稀释器测试了两种典型民用炉具和煤种组合的大气污染物的排放,发现高效反烧炉与无烟煤球组合的PM_(2.5)的排放因子要显著低于传统正烧炉与烟煤组合,且前者CO和NO_x的排放因子也要低于后者,两种CO_2排放因子相当.