典型工业源下风向居民住宅区PM2.5暴露评价

采用便携式PM_2.5采样仪于2010年10—11月对典型工业源——某钢铁厂下风向某住宅区室内、外的ρ(PM_2.5)进行同步监测,同时对该区域居民每日时间-活动模式进行问卷调查,以评价居民住宅区内PM_2.5潜在暴露剂量和暴露浓度(以ρ计)及探讨其影响因素. 结果表明:该钢铁厂下风向居民单位体质量、个体的住宅区内PM_2.5潜在暴露剂量分别为36.1 μg/(kg·d)、960.8 μg/d,日均暴露浓度为120.1 μg/m3. 影响居民个体住宅区内PM_2.5潜在暴露剂量的因素依次为工作日/周末>暴露浓度>文化程度;影响居民单位体质量住宅区内PM_2.5潜在暴露剂量的因素依次为体质量>年龄>文化程度>工作日/周末>暴露浓度;性别与二者均没有显著相关关系.      

上海市终端能源消费的CO2排放影响因素定量分析

以对数平均指数法(LMDI)方法为基础,探讨了包括生活能耗在内的上海市终端能源消费CO2排放影响因素的分解方法,定量研究了能源强度下降、能源结构优化、产业结构调整、经济发展规模和人口数量等影响因素对CO2排放变化量的贡献率.研究表明,上海市2005~2009年CO2排放增长了2949万t,如果不采取任何减缓措施,经济增长和人口数量增加将导致CO2排放增长量相当于现在的2.5倍.能源强度下降、能源结构优化和产业结构调整起到了减缓CO2排放增长的作用,对减缓CO2排放增长的贡献率分别为-98%、-50%和-22%.与2000~2005年对比分析发现,工业部门能源强度下降和能源结构优化的减缓作用都有所下降,而产业结构调整开始发挥减排的作用,但贡献率还很低.生活能耗的CO2排放影响因素中,相较于人口数量增长,人均生活能耗上升是导致CO2排放增加的主要因素,且贡献率逐渐增大.     

辽河保护区典型湿地红海滩国家风景廊道景观游憩服务价值评估

采用问卷调查和分区旅行费用(ZTCM)法,对红海滩国家风景廊道2018年景观游憩服务价值进行评估。结果表明:2018年红海滩国家风景廊道游憩服务总价值为6.89亿元,是2018年景区实际旅游收入的9.84倍,其中旅行费用为3.73亿元,占总价值的54.14%,消费者剩余价值为2.28亿元,占总价值的33.09%,时间成本仅占12.77%;省外游憩价值为4.11亿元,省内游憩价值为2.78亿元;目前红海滩国家风景廊道的生态景观价值未得到充分认知,其旅游发展潜力较大,特别是针对省外游客的旅游产品有待优化开发。通过ZTCM法所得评估结果的价值构成与该景区的现状相符。     

环境污染与城乡收入差距:作用机制与基于中国经济事实的检验

环境污染是与居民健康水平紧密相关的,并且会导致处于不同收入阶层的居民的健康人力资本投资决策呈现出异质性特征,从而影响居民收入差距。本文通过构建跨期经济模型研究环境污染对城乡收入差距的影响,研究发现:环境污染导致城镇居民和农村居民出现相同比例的健康损害,这种损害会拉大城乡居民绝对收入差距;处于低收入阶层的农村居民应对环境污染带来的健康损害会进行相对较少的健康人力资本投资,因而城乡居民的健康水平差异会逐渐拉大,所以城乡收入的相对差距也会随着环境污染的加剧而扩大。基于理论研究结果,运用中国2002—2013年的省级面板数据进行实证研究发现:(1)环境污染对中国城乡收入差距的影响显著为正,并且基于人均二氧化硫排放量和人均废水化学需氧量排放量的计量检验结果是一致的,这表明研究结论是稳健的;(2)运用门槛面板模型的计量结果表明当滞后一期的城乡收入差距增加到临界点之后,环境污染对城乡收入差距的正效应会明显增强,表明环境污染对处于不同收入阶层的城镇居民和农村居民的健康人力资本投资决策有显著的影响,环境污染进一步拉大城乡居民的相对收入差距;(3)本文的研究结果证明了在教育、政府行为、城镇化等影响城乡收入差距的核心因素之外,环境污染也是影响中国城乡居民收入差距的显著性因素,并且其影响会随着环境污染的加剧和期初收入差距的拉大而变得更加严重,因此在治理中国城乡收入差距的过程中,相关政策应该平衡环境污染成本在城镇居民和农村居民之间的分配。     

中国不同交通模式的可达性空间格局研究

交通运输网络是经济发展的重要保障,分析可达性空间格局差异对引导人口分布和交通设施合理建设具有重要意义。以中国2 317个县级行政区域为研究对象,采用加权平均旅行时间法,通过构建可达性指标分析了公路、铁路、机场、港口及综合交通的空间格局。结果表明:公路可达性形成了以郑州、武汉、合肥为中心的"核心-外围"模式;铁路形成了以京沪线为轴线,沿铁路干线分布的带状结构,最优区已南移至合肥及南京;机场可达性形成了以各个枢纽机场为核心的"轴-辐"结构;港口可达性由沿海向内陆降低;综合交通可达性由东向西降低,具有反自然梯度特征。4种交通方式的可达性总体水平较高,约有70%的县域超过平均水平,与人口分布具有一定的相似性,东部城市高于西部城市,但存在区域内的不均衡现象。最后对各交通方式出现的问题提出了一些针对性建议。     

The spatial scale of organic chemicals in multimedia fate modeling. Recent developments and significance for chemical assessment

In the last years, the spatial range (SR) or characteristic travel distance (CTD) of organic chemicals has found increasing scientific interest as an indicator of the long-range transport (LRT) potential and, in combination with persistence, as a kind of 'hazard' indicator on the exposure level. This development coincides with European debates about more effective and more preventive approaches to the chemicals assessment, and about an international, legally-binding instrument for the phase out of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Persistence and LRT potential are important issues in these debates. Here, the development of the concept of assessing the spatial scale from early ideas in the 1970s and 1980s to recent studies in the field of multimedia fate and transport modeling is summarized. Different approaches to the modeling of environmental transport (advective and dispersive) and different methods for quantifying the SR or CTD are compared. Relationships between SR or CTD and different persistence measures are analyzed. Comparison of these relationships shows that conclusions for chemical assessment should be based on an evaluation of different persistence and spatial scale measures. The use of SR or CTD and persistence as hazard indicators in the chemicals assessment is illustrated.     

To fission or to fusion: effects of community size on wild chimpanzee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes verus</Emphasis>) social organisation

To balance advantages and disadvantages of group living, some species have fission-fusion social systems in which members of the same group form frequently changing subgroups. This allows flexible responses of group size to external conditions while at the same time retaining group stability. In chimpanzees, subgroup (party) size and composition depend mainly on the presence of receptive females, food availability and the activity of the party. Here we analyse the extent to which fission-fusion parameters are influenced by changes of demographic variables like community size and composition. Data were collected from a habituated West African chimpanzee community (Taï forest, Côte dIvoire) over 10 years, during which total community size decreased from 51 to 21, and the number of adult males decreased from 9 to 2. Taï chimpanzees are highly gregarious, as they spend more than 80% of their time with unrelated conspecifics. With decreasing community size, party size, party duration and male-female association increased. Neither activity nor the presence of receptive females or feeding competition could explain the observed changes in grouping patterns. Thus, the decrease in community size led to an increase of party cohesion and also enhanced cohesiveness between the sexes, while general sociality remained unchanged. Therefore, our data support the notion that small communities are more cohesive and have a less flexible fission-fusion system.Communicated by D. Watts     

Using revealed preferences to estimate the Value of Travel Time to recreation sites

The opportunity Value of Travel Time (VTT) is one of the most important elements of the total cost of recreation day-trips and arguably the most difficult to estimate. Most studies build upon the theoretical framework proposed by Becker (1965) by using a combination of revealed and stated preference data to estimate a value of time which is uniform in all activities and under all circumstances. This restriction is relaxed by DeSerpa's (1971) model which allows the value of saving time to be activity-specific. We present the first analysis which uses actual driving choices between open access and toll roads to estimate a VTT specific for recreation trips, thereby providing a value which conforms to both Becker's and DeSerpa's theoretical models. Using these findings we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation to identify generalizable results for subsequent valuation studies. Our results indicate that 3/4 of the wage rate provides a reasonable approximation of the average VTT for recreation trips, while the commonly implemented assumption of 1/3 of the wage rate generates downward biased results.     

我国旅行社业存在的主要问题及发展对策

旅行社业对促进旅游业的发展起着举足轻重的作用,但随着技术化时代的到来,网络的发展,特别是中国加入WTO后,中国旅行社业面临越来越大的挑战.本文分析了目前我国旅行社业存在的主要问题,同时就旅行社业如何抓住机遇,迎接挑战,提出几点参考意见,力求探索其新的生存发展之路.     

Persistent organochlorine contaminants in hair samples of Northern Poland population, 1968-2009

The European regulation on chemicals, REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), came into force on 1 June 2007. With pre-registration complete in 2008, data for these substances may provide an overview of the expected chemical space and its characteristics. In this paper, using various in silico computation tools, we evaluate 48 782 neutral organic compounds from the list to identify hazardous and safe compounds. Two different classification schemes (modified Verhaar and ECOSAR) identified between 17% and 25% of the compounds as expressing only baseline toxicity (narcosis). A smaller portion could be identified as reactive (19%) or specifically acting (2.7%), while the majority were non-assigned (61%). Overall environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport potential were evaluated using structure-activity relationships and a multimedia fugacity-based model. A surprisingly high proportion of compounds (20%), mainly aromatic and halogenated, had a very high estimated persistence (>195 d). The proportion of compounds with a very high estimated bioconcentration or bioaccumulation factor (>5000) was substantially less (6.9%). Finally, a list was compiled of those compounds within the applicability domain of the models used, meeting both persistence and bioaccumulation criteria, and with a long-range transport potential comparable to PCB. This list of 68 potential persistent organic pollutants contained many well-known compounds (all halogenated), but notably also five fluorinated compounds that were not included in the EINECS inventory. This study demonstrates the usability of in silico tools for identification of potentially environmentally hazardous chemicals.