基于分区的多目的地TCM模型及其在游憩资源价值评估中的应用——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

作为评估户外游憩价值的经典方法,旅行费用法穴TCM雪主要存在3种基本模型,即分区旅行费用法穴ZTCM雪、个人旅行费用法穴ITCM雪和随机效用法穴RUM雪。尽管这3种模型在理论和实践上都已相当成熟,却均无非常完善的方法来解决广为存在的多目的地环程旅行问题,致使该问题成为TCM研究应用中的难点和热点。论文根据九寨沟的实际情况,首次提出应用基于分区的多目的地TCM模型穴MZTC雪来评估九寨沟的游憩价值,得到2002年九寨沟自然保护区的总游憩价值为15.61×108元,人均1246.10元;其中消费者剩余为4.71×108元,人均375.92元,与国外最新游憩价值综述研究的结果非常接近。     

Situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan. We focused on vehicles with 4 or more wheels. Such characteristics included daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations.

Methods: Pedestrian fatality data on vehicle–pedestrian accidents were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) from 2005 to 2014. Nine vehicle classifications were considered: Trucks with gross vehicle weight (GVW) ≥7.5 tons and <7.5 tons, buses, box vans, minivans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), sedans, light passenger cars (LPCs), and light cargo vans (LCVs). We compared the situational daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations for accident-involved vehicles traveling at low and higher speeds across all vehicle types.

Results: The results indicate that pedestrian fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds occurred more often under daytime conditions across all vehicle types. At signalized intersections, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles were traveling at low speed, except when the accidents involved box vans or SUVs. Similarly, when vehicles turned right, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles traveling at low speed were involved across all vehicle types. In terms of the frontal right vehicle impact location, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when trucks with GVW ≥7.5 tons or <7.5 tons, sedans, or LCVs traveling at low speed were involved.

Conclusions: The situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds identified in this study can guide targeted development of new traffic safety regulations or technologies specific to vehicle–pedestrian interactions at low vehicle travel speeds (i.e., driver alert devices or automated emergency braking systems). Ultimately, these developments can improve pedestrian safety by reducing the frequency or severity of vehicle–pedestrian accidents for vehicles turning right at intersections and/or reducing the number of resultant pedestrian fatalities.     

中国高铁出行的环境健康影响分析

本文旨在对中国各城市高铁出行情况与人群环境健康影响进行大数据分析。文中的环境健康影响指将高铁出行过境次数引入经典泊松回归模型,进而直接得到各城市人群环境健康受到高铁出行的影响。另外,为了更好地分析高铁出行下的人群环境影响,笔者在计算环境影响指数时将受影响人群分为高铁沿线城市本地人群(PED)和过境人群(TPED)。最后总结分析了全国范围内环境健康受过境次数影响的程度大小。通过计算结果可得,华北、华中、四川盆地等地区的大城市,人口多、过境车次多、空气质量相对较差,PED和TPED值较高。华中、华南、西南边境地区城市的空气质量较好,PED和TPED值较低。另外,就特定高铁线路的环境健康影响而言,京津、郑西高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较高;广深、合福、沪昆高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较低。     

Domestic energy usage and its' health implications on residents of the Ese‐Odo and Okitipupa local government areas of Ondo state,Nigeria

This study examined domestic energy usage and its health implication on residents of Ese‐Odo and Okitipupa Local Government Areas (LGA), of Ondo State. Systematic random sampling was used to select 103 and 156 respondents in Ese‐Odo and Okitipupa LGA, respectively. It was established that environmental and socio‐economic related attributes influenced residents' choice of domestic energy type. Similarly, burns, blindness, stroke, cataract and pulmonary diseases were the most prevalent self‐reported ill‐health. A relatively weak correlation between domestic energy usage and ill‐health is experienced by the residents. Therefore, the study concluded that the use of traditional energy types had significant adverse effects on the health of the residents in Okitipupa and Ese‐Odo LGAs of Ondo State.     

乡村文化旅游资源的发掘与开发——以崇州市凤鸣陆海天府乡村文化休闲度假旅游地为例

从根本上讲,乡村旅游资源就是通常所指的乡村景观,分为乡村自然景观和乡村人文景观两大类,均是在社会历史长河的演化中逐步形成,并由人类的农事活动刻上了刀削斧凿的印迹.由于乡村幅员辽阔,各地旅游资源差异极大,因此乡村旅游资源的开发利用一定要牢牢把握"乡村性"这一核心要素,因地制宜,扬长避短,突出自身的优势,使其具有鲜明的个性和特色.同时,资源开发还必须遵循产业发展规律,规范有序地进行.     

面向排放量化的低速区间机动车比功率分布特性与模型

随着排放建模方法从基于行驶周期和平均速度演变为基于VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)参数,利用VSP分布刻画交通状态成为最新的研究需求.近期研究中,针对城市快速路上大于20 km·h-1的速度区间建立了基于平均行程速度的VSP分布数学模型,却未对低速区间的VSP分布特征作深入研究.基于北京快速路大量逐秒浮动车数据,研究0～20 km·h-1的VSP分布与平均行程速度的关系.通过分析大量逐秒浮动数据的VSP分布与平均速度间关系,发现VSP分布与平均行程速度具有规律性:各VSP分布的峰值出现在VSP Bin=0处,且随速度的增加单调递减.因此,针对VSP分布的正、负区间以及VSP Bin=0处分别建立数学模型,并利用该模型进行机动车油耗/排放测算.对比分析油耗/排放的预测值和实测值得出,所建立的VSP分布模型可以有效用于机动车油耗/排放测算.     

厦门城市化进程中的居民食物碳消费及其环境负荷

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市对全球生态系统碳循环的影响越来越显著,其中城市家庭食物碳消费对全球城市生态系统碳循环的贡献日益突出,已成为城市生态系统碳循环的研究热点之一.以厦门市为例,通过分析1988～2010年居民食物碳消费的动态变化和家庭分布特征,评价并预测了由食物碳消费导致的环境负荷.结果表明,1988～2010年全市人均食物消费量和人均食物碳消费量分别下降了6%和25%,但由于厦门市人口的快速增长,食物消费和食物碳消费的总量均不断增加,分别增长了116%和70%.居民食物碳消费总量的增加导致环境负荷量不断上升,由9.88万t增长至16.62万t,特别是进入土壤的碳通量近年来快速增加.预测显示2011～2024年间厦门市居民食物碳消费总量以及环境负荷量仍将继续上升,2025年将有所下降,人均食物碳消费量则从2011年起持续下降.对厦门市居民家庭食物消费的分析表明,家庭户均食物碳消费主要受到家庭收入、食物消费费用、家庭用餐人数的影响,食物碳消费较高的家庭通常平均家庭用餐人数3人、平均食物消费费用约3 125元.月-1,户均食物碳消费为1 134.91 kg,人均食物碳消费量为378.30 kg,高食物碳消费的家庭人均食物碳消费量是低食物碳消费家庭人均消费量的4.84倍.     

脱贫山区农户生计转型的低碳效应研究：以陇南山区为例

明确脱贫山区农户生计转型的低碳效应对实现乡村绿色发展、建设低碳乡村至关重要。基于陇南山区农户的入户调查数据，利用碳排放清单法分析了2014—2019年农户的生计转型路径及其低碳效应。结果表明：（1）陇南山区农户的生计策略分为传统农业主导型、经济作物主导型、务工主导型、经商主导型和综合型；2014—2019年有26.97%的农户生计策略发生了转型，最主要的转型方式是由综合型转向务工主导型；（2）因人均生活碳排放增加量高于人均生产碳排放减少量，陇南山区农户的人均家庭碳排放呈增加趋势；（3）农户生计转型路径中，由经济作物主导型转向传统农业主导型的人均家庭碳排放降幅最大，为41.45%，综合型转向传统农业主导型的增幅最大，达208.86%。     

上海市终端能源消费的CO2排放影响因素定量分析

以对数平均指数法(LMDI)方法为基础,探讨了包括生活能耗在内的上海市终端能源消费CO2排放影响因素的分解方法,定量研究了能源强度下降、能源结构优化、产业结构调整、经济发展规模和人口数量等影响因素对CO2排放变化量的贡献率.研究表明,上海市2005~2009年CO2排放增长了2949万t,如果不采取任何减缓措施,经济增长和人口数量增加将导致CO2排放增长量相当于现在的2.5倍.能源强度下降、能源结构优化和产业结构调整起到了减缓CO2排放增长的作用,对减缓CO2排放增长的贡献率分别为-98%、-50%和-22%.与2000~2005年对比分析发现,工业部门能源强度下降和能源结构优化的减缓作用都有所下降,而产业结构调整开始发挥减排的作用,但贡献率还很低.生活能耗的CO2排放影响因素中,相较于人口数量增长,人均生活能耗上升是导致CO2排放增加的主要因素,且贡献率逐渐增大.     

Humble Opinions on the Relationship between the Percentage of Urban Residents in an Urban Region and the Economic Status in This Region in China

It is a fact that in U.S. the immigration between rural areas and city areas is free, but in China this type of immigration is restricted by HUKOU system （Hukou, namely the household registration system, was designed to control rural-urban in China）. All of those national policies in city areas are much better than those in rural areas, so those corresponding differences bring about great discrepancy of the economic status （mainly including GDP per person and income per resident） between rural and city areas in the same urban region, especially in different urban re- gions because the percentage of urban residents in those urban regions is in-equable. The present paper mainly researches the topic of relationship between the percentage of urban residents and the economic status in an urban region in China, including the relationship between the economic and the political functions of a settlement in China during the process of urbanization.