2009年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2009年中国5.0级以上地震目录的基础上,结合年度有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2009年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后对自1990年以来中国大陆地震灾害的相关数据进行了简要的比较。     

评价石灰石固硫特性的一种方法

本文以实验数据为基础,采用主成分分析法从众多指标中选择了几个主要指标作为石灰石固硫特性参数的评价体系,并按系统聚类分析方法划分了石灰石评价的等级标准,从而为燃煤锅炉选择固硫剂提供了重要的参考依据。     

甘肃省土壤盐渍化及其对生态环境的损害评估

介绍了甘肃省土壤盐渍化的状况,分析了引起土壤盐渍化的因素,并进行了土壤盐渍化对生态环境损害的经济评估,甘肃省的盐渍化土壤主要分布在河西走廊,其中以酒泉地区,张掖地区和武威地区最为严重。盐渍化土壤类型主要为典型盐土、沼泽盐土、碱化盐土和干旱盐土。导致盐渍化的因素有气候、地形、水文地质、土壤质地等自然因素,以及灌溉方式和耦作制度等人为因素。全省重度盐渍化土壤对生态环境损害造成的经济损失至少达140亿元（1996年币值）。由于种种原因,有关盐渍化对土壤生态环境服务功能的损害,目前还没有进行经济评估,但这方面的工作应该予以考虑。     

Ethical Tools to Support Systematic Public Deliberations about the Ethical Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnologies

This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one” societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue: 1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain.     

燃煤电厂灰场环评技术评估中存在的问题与建议

在比较我国一般工业固体废物贮存处置场、生活垃圾填埋、危险废物贮存和危险废物填埋污染控制标准的基础上,结合欧共体和德国对固体废物的分类和填埋要求、德国灰场的防渗实例和我国燃煤电厂实际运行灰场对地下水的环境影响,分析了《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》(GB 18599-2001)存在的问题,并建议在干灰场环评技术评估中,燃煤电厂的灰渣和脱硫石膏除非按GB 5086规定方法进行浸出试验获得的浸出液中第一类污染物超过GB 8978最高允许排放浓度外,均应按第I类一般工业固体废物处理;同时对燃煤电厂的干灰场场址选择等方面的环保要求提出了建议.     

中小型水库库区生态安全性综合评价

从库区生物环境,地质与气候环境和人类工程活动三个准则考虑建立了库区系统生态安全性评价指标体系,并采用层次分析和模糊评价有机结合的综合方法对库区系统生态安全进行综合评价。以四川中江县黄鹿水库为例进行的综合评价表明生态安全隶属于“安全”的程度最大,通过综合评价中间结果的计算分析,找出导致生态危险的薄弱因素是人类活动影响较大。     

内外场综合可靠性试验方法分析与探讨

介绍了常规内场试验采用的一些可靠性评价标准,概括总结了内场与外场可靠性分析与评价中运用的数据处理方法,提出了利用内场数据,收集和分析外场数据的信息融合技术,即内外场可靠性综合分析法,阐述了该技术方法的相关研究内容,最后通过实际应用指出了计算的有关方法和步骤.     

Sustainability evaluation of the Grain for Green Project: from local people's responses to ecological effectiveness in Wolong Nature Reserve

This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given.     

集对分析法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

在集对分析原理的基础上,建立集对分析方法评价大气环境质量的新模型。通过实例研究,与模糊综合评判法、属性识别法以及改性属性识别法比较,集对分析方法评价模型严谨,计算简便,评价结果更合理、精细、稳定,为大气环境质量综合评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。